Hemorrhage

Question 1

What is hemorrhage?

Answer 1

Bleeding from a vessel; can be pinpoint

Question 2

What are some causes of hemorrhage?

Answer 2

• Trauma
• Aneurysms
• Erosion; microbes, neoplasia
• Vitamin deficiency
• Thrombocytopenia

Question 3

Which vitamin deficiency is most likely to cause hemorrhage?

Answer 3

Vitamin K deficiency (involved in clotting)

Question 4

What is an aneurysms?

Answer 4

Focal dilation of a vessel

Question 5

What is thrombocytopenia?

Answer 5

Low platelet count

Question 6

Clinical significance of hemorrhage is dependent on…

Answer 6

• volume of blood loss
• rate of blood loss
• location of hemorrhage

Question 7

What are some causes of hemothorax?

Answer 7

Rib fracture, stab wound, artery lesion, etc.

Question 8

What are some causes of hemopericardium?

Answer 8

• Coronary artery aneurysm blows
• Ascending aorta aneurysm blows
• One week after heart attack

Question 9

If the coronary artery or ascending aorta has an aneurysm that blows, what hemorrhage term would apply?

Answer 9

Hemopericardium

Question 10

What are some causes of hemoperitoneum?

Answer 10

• Abdominal aortic aneurysm
• Tumor in abdomen invades and erodes mesentery

Question 11

If the abdominal aorta has an aneurysm or there is a tumor in the abdomen invading and eroding the mesentery, what hemorrhage term would apply?

Answer 11

Hemoperitoneum

Question 12

What are some causes of hemarthrosis?

Answer 12

• Trauma
• Low platelet count

Question 13

Hemothorax, hemopericardium, hemoperitoneum, and hemarthrosis are all ___ hemorrhages

Answer 13

geographic

Question 14

What is a hematoma?

Answer 14

Nonspecific hemorrhage into tissue

Question 15

What is purpura?

Answer 15

Multiple <1cm hemorrhages appear as purple dots

Question 16

What are the tendencies of purpura?

Answer 16

Tend to be systemic; bilateral and symmetrical

Question 17

What is the most common cause of vasculitis in children?

Answer 17

Henoch-Schönlein purpura (bilateral rash)

Question 18

How do blood vessels behave with senile purpura?

Answer 18

Blood vessels don’t heal as well

Question 19

What is ecchymosis?

Answer 19

Common skin bruise ie. black eye

Question 20

What are petechiae?

Answer 20

Pin point/splinter hemorrhages 1-3mm

Question 21

Where can petechiae occur?

Answer 21

Skin, intracranial, or digestive system

Question 22

Choking is likely to cause which type of hemorrhage?

Answer 22

Petechiae

Question 23

What is idiopathic (autoimmune) thrombocytopenic purpura?

Answer 23

Syndrome in which antibodies against platelet or megakaryocytic antigens cause thrombocytopenia

Question 24

What is the experience of children with acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura?

Answer 24

Sudden onset of petechiae and purpura, but otherwise asymptomatic
Spontaneous recovery occurs within 6 months in over 80% of cases

Question 25

The major threat of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (<1% of cases) is...

Answer 25

intracranial hemorrhage

Question 26

What is the experience of adults with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura?

Answer 26

Bleeding episodes, such as epistaxis, menorrhagia or ecchymoses, and excessive bleeding after trauma and minor procedures (ie. tooth extraction) Life-threatening hemorrhages are uncommon

Question 27

Hemophilia A is also known as...

Answer 27

factor VIII deficiency

Question 28

What is the most common X-linked inherited bleeding disorder?

Answer 28

Hemophilia A

Question 29

What are the bleeding tendencies in patients with hemophilia A?

Answer 29

Mild, moderate, or severe bleeding tendencies

Question 30

In most with hemophilia A, the severity of the illness parallels...

Answer 30

factor VIII activity in the blood

Question 31

What is the most frequent complication of hemophilia A?

Answer 31

Degenerative joint disease caused by repeated bleeding into many joints

Question 32

What is factor VIII?

Answer 32

A clotting factor

Question 33

Hematuria, intestinal obstruction, and respiratory obstruction may all occur with bleeding into the respective organs caused by...

Answer 33

hemophilia A

Question 34

What is hemophilia B?

Answer 34

An X-linked inherited disorder of factor IX deficiency

Question 35

Which disorder is an X-linked factor IX deficiency?

Answer 35

Hemophilia B

Question 36

Which disorder is an X-lined factor VIII deficiency?

Answer 36

Hemophilia A

Question 37

What is factor IX?

Answer 37

Vitamin K-dependent protein made in the liver acting as a clotting factor

Question 38

What are the bleeding manifestations of hemophilia B?

Answer 38

Like those of hemophilia A

Question 39

What is von Willebrand disease?

Answer 39

Heterogenous complex of hereditary bleeding disorders related to deficiency or abnormality of vWF (con Willebrand factor)

Question 40

Except for type III, most cases of vWD entail...

Answer 40

only a mild bleeding diathesis

Question 41

If there is immediate mucocutaneous bleeding such as easy bruising, epistaxis, GI bleeding, and menorrhagia in women, what disorder/disease is most likely?

Answer 41

von Willebrand disease

Question 42

What is often the presenting symptom of von Willebrand disease?

Answer 42

Excessive hemorrhage after trauma or surgery

Question 43

Patients with type III vWD may have life-threatening...

Answer 43

hemorrhage from the gut

Question 44

Patients with von Willebrand disease share what experience with those with hemophilia?

Answer 44

Hemarthroses

Question 45

Which hemorrhage disorder/disease is most likely for a woman experiencing spontaneous abortions/miscarriage?

Answer 45

von Willebrand disease