Hemorrhage Flashcards
What is hemorrhage?
Bleeding from a vessel; can be pinpoint
What are some causes of hemorrhage?
- Trauma
- Aneurysms
- Erosion; microbes, neoplasia
- Vitamin deficiency
- Thrombocytopenia
Which vitamin deficiency is most likely to cause hemorrhage?
Vitamin K deficiency (involved in clotting)
What is an aneurysms?
Focal dilation of a vessel
What is thrombocytopenia?
Low platelet count
Clinical significance of hemorrhage is dependent on…
- volume of blood loss
- rate of blood loss
- location of hemorrhage
What are some causes of hemothorax?
Rib fracture, stab wound, artery lesion, etc.
What are some causes of hemopericardium?
- Coronary artery aneurysm blows
- Ascending aorta aneurysm blows
- One week after heart attack
If the coronary artery or ascending aorta has an aneurysm that blows, what hemorrhage term would apply?
Hemopericardium
What are some causes of hemoperitoneum?
- Abdominal aortic aneurysm
- Tumor in abdomen invades and erodes mesentery
If the abdominal aorta has an aneurysm or there is a tumor in the abdomen invading and eroding the mesentery, what hemorrhage term would apply?
Hemoperitoneum
What are some causes of hemarthrosis?
- Trauma
- Low platelet count
Hemothorax, hemopericardium, hemoperitoneum, and hemarthrosis are all ___ hemorrhages
geographic
What is a hematoma?
Nonspecific hemorrhage into tissue
What is purpura?
Multiple <1cm hemorrhages appear as purple dots
What are the tendencies of purpura?
Tend to be systemic; bilateral and symmetrical
What is the most common cause of vasculitis in children?
Henoch-Schönlein purpura (bilateral rash)
How do blood vessels behave with senile purpura?
Blood vessels don’t heal as well
What is ecchymosis?
Common skin bruise ie. black eye
What are petechiae?
Pin point/splinter hemorrhages 1-3mm
Where can petechiae occur?
Skin, intracranial, or digestive system
Choking is likely to cause which type of hemorrhage?
Petechiae
What is idiopathic (autoimmune) thrombocytopenic purpura?
Syndrome in which antibodies against platelet or megakaryocytic antigens cause thrombocytopenia
What is the experience of children with acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura?
Sudden onset of petechiae and purpura, but otherwise asymptomatic
Spontaneous recovery occurs within 6 months in over 80% of cases
The major threat of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (<1% of cases) is…
intracranial hemorrhage
What is the experience of adults with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura?
Bleeding episodes, such as epistaxis, menorrhagia or ecchymoses, and excessive bleeding after trauma and minor procedures (ie. tooth extraction)
Life-threatening hemorrhages are uncommon
Hemophilia A is also known as…
factor VIII deficiency
What is the most common X-linked inherited bleeding disorder?
Hemophilia A
What are the bleeding tendencies in patients with hemophilia A?
Mild, moderate, or severe bleeding tendencies
In most with hemophilia A, the severity of the illness parallels…
factor VIII activity in the blood
What is the most frequent complication of hemophilia A?
Degenerative joint disease caused by repeated bleeding into many joints
What is factor VIII?
A clotting factor
Hematuria, intestinal obstruction, and respiratory obstruction may all occur with bleeding into the respective organs caused by…
hemophilia A
What is hemophilia B?
An X-linked inherited disorder of factor IX deficiency
Which disorder is an X-linked factor IX deficiency?
Hemophilia B
Which disorder is an X-lined factor VIII deficiency?
Hemophilia A
What is factor IX?
Vitamin K-dependent protein made in the liver acting as a clotting factor
What are the bleeding manifestations of hemophilia B?
Like those of hemophilia A
What is von Willebrand disease?
Heterogenous complex of hereditary bleeding disorders related to deficiency or abnormality of vWF (con Willebrand factor)
Except for type III, most cases of vWD entail…
only a mild bleeding diathesis
If there is immediate mucocutaneous bleeding such as easy bruising, epistaxis, GI bleeding, and menorrhagia in women, what disorder/disease is most likely?
von Willebrand disease
What is often the presenting symptom of von Willebrand disease?
Excessive hemorrhage after trauma or surgery
Patients with type III vWD may have life-threatening…
hemorrhage from the gut
Patients with von Willebrand disease share what experience with those with hemophilia?
Hemarthroses
Which hemorrhage disorder/disease is most likely for a woman experiencing spontaneous abortions/miscarriage?
von Willebrand disease
