Edema & Hyperemia Flashcards
Inflammatory edema is localized damage involving a role of…
chemical mediators
Non-inflammatory edema involves a role of…
hemodynamic forces across a capillary wall
What are four causes of non-inflammatory edema?
- Increased hydrostatic pressure
- Decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure
- Impaired lymph flow
- Renal retention of salt and water
Which vein is affected by deep vein thrombosis?
Popliteal vein (seen inferiorly)
How does impaired lymph flow lead to edema?
Compressed lymphatics can cause edema in another area
Describe local increases in hydrostatic pressure leading to edema
Impaired venous outflow (lower extremities) due to thrombosis/stasis
A blood clot in a vein
Describe generalized increases in hydrostatic pressure leading to edema
High blood pressure leads to edema fluid everywhere ie. left or right heart failure or renal failure
What is the most important plasma protein balancing osmolarity?
Albumin
Decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure is due to…
loss of serum albumin
What are three causes of loss of serum albumin?
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Cirrhosis (or liver disease causing failure)
- Malnutrition
How does nephrotic syndrome lead to edema?
Kidney disease with massive protein urea leads to decreased serum albumin (decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure)
Ascites is an example of what type of edema?
Peritoneal edema; nephrotic syndrome causing decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure
Kwashiorkor is an example of what type of edema?
Malnutrition: normal calories and decreased protein causing decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure
What are some causes of lymphatic obstruction leading to edema?
- Inflammation
- Neoplasia (specifically breast cancer)
- Parasitic infection
What is an example of parasitic infection that obstructs lymphatics and may cause edema?
Filariasis; filarial worms hatch and live in lymphatics
If a patient has unilateral edema in their whole lower extremity, what is the likely cause?
Lymphatic obstruction
What are some causes of salt and water retention leading to edema?
- Primary/reduced renal function
- Secondary/heart disease
How does left-sided heart failure cause salt and water retention leading to edema?
Lowers blood pressure to kidney –> activates RAAS –> increases blood pressure –> left-sided heart failure worsens
What is a common cause of bilateral renal stenosis?
Atherosclerosis with high blood pressure
If the kidney is affected, the ___ is affected, and vice versa
heart
How will stenosis affect kidneys?
Lowers blood pressure to kidneys –> activates RAAS –> blood pressure increases
What is malignant hypertension (numerically)?
180/100
What are some clinical presentations of subcutaneous tissue edema?
- Dependent edema
- Ascites
- Generalized edema/anasarca
What is dependent edema?
Subcutaneous tissue edema
Most often due to right-sided heart failure
Lower extremities are involved, influenced by gravity
