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Principles of Physiopathology > Edema & Hyperemia > Flashcards

Edema & Hyperemia Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammatory edema is localized damage involving a role of…

A

chemical mediators

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2
Q

Non-inflammatory edema involves a role of…

A

hemodynamic forces across a capillary wall

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3
Q

What are four causes of non-inflammatory edema?

A
  • Increased hydrostatic pressure
  • Decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure
  • Impaired lymph flow
  • Renal retention of salt and water
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4
Q

Which vein is affected by deep vein thrombosis?

A

Popliteal vein (seen inferiorly)

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5
Q

How does impaired lymph flow lead to edema?

A

Compressed lymphatics can cause edema in another area

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6
Q

Describe local increases in hydrostatic pressure leading to edema

A

Impaired venous outflow (lower extremities) due to thrombosis/stasis
A blood clot in a vein

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7
Q

Describe generalized increases in hydrostatic pressure leading to edema

A

High blood pressure leads to edema fluid everywhere ie. left or right heart failure or renal failure

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8
Q

What is the most important plasma protein balancing osmolarity?

A

Albumin

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9
Q

Decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure is due to…

A

loss of serum albumin

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10
Q

What are three causes of loss of serum albumin?

A
  • Nephrotic syndrome
  • Cirrhosis (or liver disease causing failure)
  • Malnutrition
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11
Q

How does nephrotic syndrome lead to edema?

A

Kidney disease with massive protein urea leads to decreased serum albumin (decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure)

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12
Q

Ascites is an example of what type of edema?

A

Peritoneal edema; nephrotic syndrome causing decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure

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13
Q

Kwashiorkor is an example of what type of edema?

A

Malnutrition: normal calories and decreased protein causing decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure

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14
Q

What are some causes of lymphatic obstruction leading to edema?

A
  • Inflammation
  • Neoplasia (specifically breast cancer)
  • Parasitic infection
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15
Q

What is an example of parasitic infection that obstructs lymphatics and may cause edema?

A

Filariasis; filarial worms hatch and live in lymphatics

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16
Q

If a patient has unilateral edema in their whole lower extremity, what is the likely cause?

A

Lymphatic obstruction

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17
Q

What are some causes of salt and water retention leading to edema?

A
  • Primary/reduced renal function
  • Secondary/heart disease
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18
Q

How does left-sided heart failure cause salt and water retention leading to edema?

A

Lowers blood pressure to kidney –> activates RAAS –> increases blood pressure –> left-sided heart failure worsens

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19
Q

What is a common cause of bilateral renal stenosis?

A

Atherosclerosis with high blood pressure

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20
Q

If the kidney is affected, the ___ is affected, and vice versa

A

heart

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21
Q

How will stenosis affect kidneys?

A

Lowers blood pressure to kidneys –> activates RAAS –> blood pressure increases

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22
Q

What is malignant hypertension (numerically)?

A

180/100

23
Q

What are some clinical presentations of subcutaneous tissue edema?

A
  • Dependent edema
  • Ascites
  • Generalized edema/anasarca
24
Q

What is dependent edema?

A

Subcutaneous tissue edema
Most often due to right-sided heart failure
Lower extremities are involved, influenced by gravity

25
Q

Ascites is a peritoneal edema commonly associated with ___ pathology

A

liver

26
Q

With ascites, ___ may also be present

A

caput medusae

27
Q

Caput medusae may be present with which edema?

A

Ascites, subcutaneous tissue edema

28
Q

Generalized edema/anasarca is most often due to…

A

renal failure

29
Q

Periorbital and pitting edema are examples of…

A

generalized edema/anasarca, subcutaneous tissue edema

30
Q

How does generalized edema/anasarca compare to dependent edema?

A

Generalized edema/anasarca is more severe and occurs everywhere

31
Q

How is a pitting edema measured?

A

How deep is the pit? How long does it take to return?

32
Q

What are common causes of pulmonary edema?

A
  • Pneumonia
  • Left-sided heart failure or macrovascular (microbial) damage
33
Q

What is the appearance of alveoli with pulmonary edema?

A

Edematous, proteinaceous (frothy) fluid within alveoli

34
Q

What are the symptoms of pulmonary edema?

A

Dyspnea, chest pain, decreased oxygen saturation

35
Q

Bacterial pneumonia leads to what type of exudate?

A

Purulent exudate

36
Q

With bacterial pneumonia, which immune cells will be increased?

A

Neutrophils

37
Q

What are some causes of brain edema?

A

Traumatic brain injury, climbing a mountain, or other causes

38
Q

Brain edema can be ___ or ___

A

localized or diffuse

39
Q

Brain edema is a cause of increase…

A

ICP

40
Q

What occurs with a brain edema?

A

Cranial cavity leaves nowhere to go, so the brain under pressure will shut down and herniate

41
Q

What is active hyperemia?
How is it mediated?

A

Increased blood flow to a tissue
Sympathetic or chemically mediated

42
Q

What is passive hyperemia?

A

Congestion: decreased blood flow away from a tissue

43
Q

Thrombus is an example of which type of hyperemia?

A

Passive/congestion

44
Q

Congestion can be ___ or ___

A

localized or systemic

45
Q

Systemic passive hyperemia is caused by which side of the heart failing?

A

Right-sided heart failure

46
Q

Hypoxia/ischemia of an affected tissue (cyanosis) leads to which type of hyperemia?

A

Passive/congestion

47
Q

Congestion usually results in…

A

edema

48
Q

What are some example sites of chronic passive congestion?

A

Lungs and liver

49
Q

Which chronic passive congestion is caused by left-sided heart failure?

A

Chronic passive congestion of lungs

50
Q

Which chronic passive congestion is caused by right-sided heart failure?

A

Chronic passive congestion of liver (nutmeg liver)

51
Q

When the liver is engorged with blood by chronic passive congestion, what is the result?

A

Bilateral lower extremity pitted edema

52
Q

Chronic passive congestion of the lungs is caused by…

A

left-side heart failure

53
Q

Chronic passive congestion of the liver is caused by…

A

right-sided heart failure

Principles of Physiopathology (36 decks)

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