violence Flashcards
what are the causes of player violence
win ethic and high rewards for success
importance of event eg derby/cup final
nature of sport
ngb too lenient with punishment
excitement/over arousal
refereeing decisions leading to frustration
provocation from crowd or opponent from foul play
implications of player violence
Player could face bans, fines, prison
Makes player look bad – reduction in sponsorship.
Player or other players could be badly injured by violence.
It is cheating – breaking the contract to compete
Strategies to prevent player violence
Television Match Official (TMO): a 4th official reviews the on field footage and applies sanctions if evidence
Reduces frustration of poor decisions
Player less likely to commit violent act if punished
Examples: Goal line technology, rugby 4th official, cricket review system
Punish violence: More severely (bans, fines or penalty tries)
Retrospective punishments: CITING leading to bans
Promoting performers with good disciplinary records as positive role models
Education campaigns: Fair play awards, Respect campaign
more authority for officials
Causes of spectator violence
importance of the event (eg local derby)
Alcohol and drugs
Poor policing, stewarding, crowd control
Emotional intensity and the ritual
Pre-match hype
Lack of effective deterrents
Diminished responsibility by individuals in a large group
The nature of the sport
Gang culture, peer pressure or tribalism
Reaction of working class who perceive the middle class to be taking over their game
Poor officiating or frustration with officials
Violence by players on the pitch
Religious discord (Celtic v Rangers) or racism
Frustration at team losing
Young males displaying masculinity
Adrenaline rush of the match or environment
Implications of spectator violence on spectator
Innocent fans injured / caught up in the violence
Fear of attending the event especially with children
Supporters banned from travelling and attending, matches played behind closed doors.
Lack of family atmosphere
Dysfunctional impact in society
All supporters treated as hooligans.
Impact on younger supporters
Implications of spectator violence on sport
Negative impact of the perception of the sport resulting in decline in participation
Sponsors or commercial deals withdrawn.
Increased cost of policing the games
Decrease in number of spectators
Less chance of children being taken to the games
England portrayed as being thugs, poor relationship with other countries and less chance to host world event
Teams banned from competing or fined or docked points.
Strategies to prevent spectator violence
Ban on or control of Alcohol sales prior to kick off/Early kick off times: to avoid high levels of alcohol consumption.
Laws to prevent trespass on the pitch (to avoid pitch invasions)
CCTV to identify and eject individuals
Tougher deterrents:
Banning individuals from travelling abroad
Individuals banned from football grounds
English teams banned from playing in Europe, Passport handed in during ‘big’ tournaments, Prison sentences or fines
Violent acts and racism results in individuals being prosecuted
All seater stadiums (removal of terraces) and family zones to create a more civilised atmosphere
Encouraging responsible media reporting prior to matches: decreasing the hype
Closer monitoring of ticket touts
Theories of football hooliganism: Young working class ….
solution: lack of..
Young working class males releasing aggression, thrill seeking, fuelled by alcohol
solution:
Lack of evidence that working class males are any more or any less aggressive than other male fans
theories of football hooliganism: nat….
argument against: not all…
Nationalism (seeing other countries’’ fans as an enemy as encouraged by media hype, eg England v Germany
Not all international spectators / other sports act like this
theories of football hooliganism: reaction by …
argument against: hooligans come from …..
Reaction by working-class fans to the takeover of football by middle-class spectators
Reaction by working-class fans to the takeover of football by middle-class spectators
theories of football hooliganism: lack of ….
argument against: stricter ….
Lack of punishment by authorities
Stricter punishments are being given out by the authorities
theories of football hooliganism: violent …. and poor ….
argument against: some ‘violent sports’…. and on pitch ….
Violent on-pitch actions by players and poor officiating provoke off-pitch violence
Some ‘violent’ sports are not linked to hooliganism (rugby); on pitch behaviour is well controlled
Suggest three possible reasons why a performer becomes violent during a sporting contest
Win-at-all costs ethic / pressure to win / high financial rewards at stake
Importance of event, e.g. local derby / local rivalry / pre-match hype / over-psyched
Lack of effective deterrents
Retaliation against opponent / crowd
Frustration with officiating
Nature of game – violence is part of it, e.g. ice hockey
Identify three negative effects of hooliganism for law-abiding football fans
Innocent fans injured / caught up in the violence
Fear of attending the event especially with children/Lack of family atmosphere
All supporters treated as hooligans.
Impact on younger supporters
Dysfunctional impact in society
Supporters banned from travelling and attending, matches played behind closed doors.
