ethical considerations Flashcards
ethics, violence, PEDs, sport and the law
what are some characteristics of amateurism
playing by the rules (that were established by M + U class who established ngbs)
code of ethics/high morals/fair play/sportsmanship/immediate acceptance of the rules
participation- playing to god given abilities/athleticism
revered all rounder
gentleman amateur
social elite/free time/not about winning/elite performers of 19C
what is the olympic oath
‘In the name of all competitors I promise that we shall take part in these Olympic Games, RESPECTING AND ABIDING BY THE RULES which govern them, committing ourselves to a sport WITHOUT DOPING AND DRUGS
reasons why the olympic oath is still relevant today
Sportsmanship still evident in the Olympics.
The event is seen as a festival of sport
Athletes try their hardest to win medals
Greater need to retain a good image for sponsors.
Decrease in corruption experienced at early C20th.
reasons why the olympic oath is not relevant today
Lots of examples of positive drugs tests
Professional athletes have a ‘win at all costs attitude’ which leads to breaking the rules.
Greater pressure from media
Greater extrinsic rewards for winners
Match fixing occurs in games (Chinese Badminton).
what is sportsmanship
Conforming to the written rules, spirit and etiquette of a sport, high code of ethics, morals
how is sportsmanship shown in modern day sport
Fairness, self control, trying your hardest, demonstrating high levels of etiquette and morals
example of sportsmanship
in netball, passing the ball to the oppositions centre after a goal when they have a centre pass next.
in football, when a player of the opposition is injured, helping them up even if it wasnt your fault
how is modern say sport retreating from sportsmanship
time wasting, questioning ref decision, diving in football to get a free kick or penalty (aka simulation), going against etiquette (rejecting hand shake)
how is sportsmanship being encouraged
fair play awards recognising good sportsmanship.
punish foul play (fines, bans)
drug testing to catch cheats
positive role models
punish foul play after event eg citing
technology to cite players (citing officer) for eg a dangerous tackle in rugby that ref didnt see.
ngb rules eg banning high tackles
what is gamesmanship
Bending the rules and stretching them to their absolute limit without getting caught; using whatever dubious methods possible to achieve the desired results
examples of gamesmanship
Psyching out an opponent at a pre-match press conference.
Delaying play at a restart to get back in defence (e.g. by keeping possession of the ball).
Time wasting when ahead in a game to try to ensure victory
Verbally ‘sledging’ an opponent to distract or upset them, e.g. in cricket, a bowler or fielder might say something to upset the concentration of a batsman in a effort to get them out.
Taking an injury time-out, toilet break or appealing a decision (tactical Hawk-eye) to the umpire even when it is not necessarily needed, to upset the concentration or rhythm of an opponent (e.g. in tennis or cricket
identify examples of gamesmanship in football
time wasting
delaying a restart to set up defensively.
over appealing to the officials to put pressure on them to make decisions go their way.
diving
identify 3 example of gamesmanship in cricket
over appealing to pressure the umpire.
sledging an opponent to upset them.
taking a toilet break as a fast bowler to refresh and refuel
what is the win ethic and what does it lead to (3)
a win at all costs attitude “lombardian ethic”
it leads to: pressure on the performer(s), gamesmanship, cheating
how is the win ethic seen in modern day sport
High amounts of deviance, e.g. violence, over-aggression, doping.
Media praise for winners, positive newspaper headlines./Media negativity for losers.
Managers and coaches are fired if unsuccessful
No drawn games, basketball, American football, League Cup football in England
what is diving also known as
simulation: trying to deceive an official by over-acting eg diving to win a free kick
Give three ways in which elite level sports performers fail to adopt the sportsmanship ethic; and identify three ways in which sportsmanship is encouraged and maintained in high level / elite sport
Three from (adopting sports ethic):
By time wasting
By cheating / playing unfairly, e.g. diving to win a free kick / penalty in football
By deliberately trying to injure an opponent through over aggressive / violent actions
By refusing to shake hands with an opponent before / after a sporting contest
By arguing with official
Three from (encourage sportsmanship)
NGB campaigns promoting sportsmanship / fair play (FA respect)
Fair play awards
Technology to cite players (dangerous tackle in rugby)
Introduction of NGB rules promoting fair play (banning late or high tackles)
Punish foul play and unsporting behaviour on the field – fines, bans, sin bins
Punish foul play after the event – fines, bans (citing)
Use of positive roles models to promote sportsmanship and fair play
Rigorous drug testing to catch the cheats
what is positive deviance
‘Behaviour which is outside the norms of society but with no intent to harm or break the rules. It involves over-adherence to the norms or expectations of society’
examples of positive deviance
Overtraining/training when injured
Competing when injured
Striving to win within the rules or etiquette of the sport, who accidentally and without intent injures another player
what is negative deviance
Behaviour that goes against the norms and has a detrimental effects on individuals and society in general (sport)
The motivation to ‘win at all costs’ encourages performers who lack moral restraint to act against the norms of society and sport in various ways and cheat
example of negative deviance
Taking illegal peds.
Deliberately fouling or harming an opponent through aggression or violent actions
Accepting a bribe to lose; match-fixing
Diving to win a penalty or free kick
identify 2 similarities between gamesmanship and deviance in sport
win at all costs ethic dominates
conflict with amateur ethics/sportsmanship
both lower the status of the sport/give sport a bad name/create negative role models
identify 2 differences between gamesmanship and deviance in sport
Gamesmanship is increasingly coached whereas deviance is usually not
Gamesmanship is pushing the rules to the absolute limit, e.g. sledging an opponent; (negative) deviance is cheating, e.g. taking performance enhancing drugs
The development of professionalism has led to a ‘win-at-all-costs attitude’ being the dominant ethic in twenty-first century sport
Discuss the view that sportsmanship has declined over the last century or so
agree:
Sportsmanship has declined over the last hundred years or so
‘professionalism’ developed in working classes during the twentieth century with participation motivated by ‘extrinsic’ rewards (i.e. money)
The twentieth into the twenty-first centuries have seen increased pressure to win from fans and media; to gain extrinsic rewards on offer
Led to the Lomdardian ethic more in evidence (win at all costs)
Led also to increased ‘gamesmanship’
Examples of decline in sportsmanship as a result of increased drug taking, performance violence, cheating, abusive language
The development of professionalism has led to a ‘win-at-all-costs attitude’ being the dominant ethic in twenty-first century sport
Discuss the view that sportsmanship has declined over the last century or so
disagree
Ethics of sportsmanship are still evident in modern-day twenty-first century sport
Sport still operates with officials enforcing rules / decision being accepted in the main
Sportsmanship is still promoted and encouraged (Olympic ideal / fair play awards)
Positive sporting ethics are still promoted within sports PE programmes
Modern-day sports performers are ‘role models’ and understand their responsibilities to act ‘responsibly’
Sports performers are aware of importance of maintaining a positive image to retain commercial deal
