psychological influences on team (social facilitation, group dynamics, importance of goal setting) Flashcards
social facilitation, group dynamics, importance of goal setting
what is social facilitation
the positive effect of the presence of others on performance
what is social inhibition
the negative effect of the presence of others on performance
who made the model about social facilitation and inhibition
zajonc
what are the 4 components of zajoncs model
audience
co-actor
competitors
social reinforcers
zajonc: who are the audience and what effect do they have
they are the people who are watching and they presence causes pressure
explain the possible impact of the audience on a performer in the cognitive stage of learning (4)
presence of audience increases arousal
leads to increased likelihood of dom resp occuring
this will be incorrect
this is social inhibition
evaluation apprehension where the performances decreases due to the perception of being judged
zajonc: who are co-actors
those who are doing the same thing at the same time but might not be in competition
example of coactors
a jogger running on the opposite side of the road whilst you are jogging
a cyclist riding behind you when you are cycling
who are competitors
aka competitive co-actors since they are the same but now in competition
examples of competitiors
runner in 100m race
who are social reinforcers
people who have a direct influence on the performance and their presence is a part of the event
eg of social reinforcers
coach
while participating in badminton there are players involved in a match on the court next to yours, which of zajoncs categories would they be placed in
coactors
zajoncs model can be passive meaning….
the audience or co-actors
the people do not exert a direct influence on the event but their mere presence causes an increase in AROUSAL and DRIVE- players are aware they are being watched
zajoncs model can be interactive meaning…
social reinforceres and competitors
more actively involved in the event and can give encouragement, advice or cause distractions
what does zajoncs model depend on
experience
complexity of task
presence of co actors
how does the complexity of the task affect zajoncs model
more decisions required=harder to be completed under pressure therefore a beginner will feel arousal at being watched and will struggle to perform the skills effectively not being able to cope with the pressure of being watched (social inhibition)
an expert will be able to cope with the demands of the crowd and will be motivated and encouraged by the support: skills performance can be enhanced (social facilitation)
how can the presence of co actors help performance
if the task is simple then the presence of co actors can help ie you dont want to fail/come last/give up first
how id dominant response and SF/SI linked to a novice performer
unlikely to perform automatic responses that have been learned, may not be able to identify correct response, may produce incorrect action
crowd adds pressure and causes social inhibition
example of social inhibition for a novice
cricket batsman chooses wrong shot to a spin bowler when playing in front of a crowd
expert performer link to SF/SI
responses are well learned+familiar=perform with ease=no extra pressure on them
response is: simple without much thought/attention, correct response even when under pressure, pressure could increase performance (SF)
EG andy murray at wimbeldon
what is evaluation apprehension
a PERCEIVED FEAR of being judged (evaluated)
eg of evaluation apprehension
being watched by a scout whilst playing a game
what effect could evaluation apprehension have on performance
could increase arousal and anxiety to very high levels=decrease in performance
there is added pressure through evaluation apprehension if
the person is known to them
they are an expert
evaluation apprehension is a combination of
observation and judgement
how can evaluation apprehension have a good effect on performance
it can motivate them to play well
how can social inhibition be prevented
increase confidence
get players familiar with playing infront of a crowd
increase focus and con using sa
decrease importance of the event
use mental rehearsal
cog and som relaxation techniques
gradually introduce evaluation
explain the strategies a coach may use to reduce the negative effects of the presence of others on performance (4)
introduce an audience in training so that the players get used to being watched and learn to cope with others present (1)
reduce the importance of the game so that the players do not feel under too much pressure to perform (1)
ensure the skills are well learnt so the dominant response becomes correct when arousal increases (1)
introduce/encourage the use of stress management techniques eg deep breathing/centring so that the performer remains calm/not overaroused in front of an audience/feel confident in ability to perform in front of an audience. (1)
other egs brief:
better SA > focus on important cues not audience.
gradually introduce assessment > get used to being under review > cope with being assessed.
encourage support from others > + feedback > dont feel threatened.
how does drive theory help explain the effects of an audience on performer
if dom response is correct, more likely if expert, then facilitation will occur
if dom response if incorrect, more likely if a novice, inhibition will occur
what is goal setting
a strategy used widely in sport since it has a number of benefits for the performer
must chose right type of goal to maximise success and focus
what does goal setting do to social loafing and cohesion
increases cohesion and reduces social loafing
what are the 4 benefits of goal setting
increased motivation
increased confidence
reduced/no errors
regulating and sustaining effort/giving a focus to aim for
how is increased motivation from goal setting explained
makes performer task persistent, they get pride and satisfaction when the goal is achieved
it leads to intrinsic motivation
how is increased confidence from goal setting explained
due to improvement in technique (resulting in goal being achieved)
how is regulates and sustains effort from goal setting explained
you strive to reach a target
target is provided
a focus to aim for
what are the 3 types of goals
performance
outcome
process
what are performance goals
when an athlete sets a goal to get better rather than comparing to others
relates to personal best, can use this as a comparison for training or in competition
judging performance against previous performance/specific standard in attempt to improve personal achievement
what are process goals
they are based on improving technique/how you do it
focus on improving execution of the skill
in training or in actual event
improvements in technique
example of a process goal
swimmers arm action, push is past hip and complete stroke
a golfer sets herself a goal of keeping her head still throughout her swing, identify which type of goal this is
process
what are outcome/product goals
they are based on results or success (doesnt have to be winning)
motivation is maintained
not concerned with manner of performance
not good for novice
compared to others
example of outcome goals
getting through to play offs
winning
how could having a goal to win be bad
could decrease motivation and confidence if goal is not reached as not everyone can win
what does s stand for in smarter targets
specific
what does m stand for in smarter targets
measurable/measured
what does a stand for in smarter targets
agreed
what does r stand for in smarter targets
realistic
what does t stand for in smarter target
time bound
what does e stand for in smarter targets
evalutate
what does r stand for in smarter targets
re do
what does specific mean and eg
specific to the sport and position
eg a netball centre aiming to increase agility
what does measured mean and eg
assessed with stats/scores
eg aiming to decrease 50m time by 0.2 seconds
what doess agreed mean and eg
relevant to the performer and agreed with coach
eg to make 10 passes which set up goal scoring chances in the next 10 games
what does realistic mean and eg
within the performers ability
eg a high jumper who can already jump 1.2m aims for 1.22m
whats is time bound and eg
how long/deadlines
eg halfway through season, 1 week, 2 weeks
what is evaluate and eg
look at success and failures
eg didnt make top 4 despite good attacking because of bad defending
what is redo and eg
aim to make top 4 again but 3/4 away through season with improved defending
what might affect the potential productivity of a sports team
having the most experiences, skillful players and facilities and how they INTERACT
clear tactics, well motivated performers, clear goal, well trained and fully explained tactics
according to zajonc, the crowd cheering on their team during a match is best described in terms of the type of others present as
coactors
social reinforcers
audience
competitiors
social reinforcers
what do you understand by the term evaluation apprehension and explain how the concept of evaluation apprehension can affect performance (3)
perceived fear of being judged
causes inc arousal
inhibition effects performance
worse in being judged by perceived expert or people known to the performer
explain the terms actual productivity and potential productivity and the factors that might affect them (3)
actual: performance achieved
potential: teams best possible performance
depends on resources
ability/skills/knowledge of players
how those players interact
what is cohesion
the tendency of members of a team to work together to achieve their goals
it is needed for success
both types needed for best results
what are the 2 types of cohesion
social and task
what is task cohesion and characteristics of it
individuals working together to achieve an end result
work hard with everyone else
inside the sport
do their job well and allow others to contribute
helps over come negatives of sc
what is social cohesion and characteristics of it
individuals relating to each other to interact in the group
trusting others abilities
support for each member
socialising away from the game
what are the two types of social cohesion and exp
positive: communication and team spirit
negative: cliques formed and decreased cooperation
cohesion keeps the team …
on task
what are the 2 types of cohesion (not social and task)
co-action and interaction
what is co-action (cohesion) and eg
everyone does the same skill/movement
eg rowing
what is interaction (cohesion) and eg
different roles must be intergrated for success
eg netball
which type of cohesion is needed more
task because there might be no need to socialise if the goal is common and strong
what are the 4 stages of tuckmans group formation model
forming
storming
norming
performing
what are tuckmans stages for
they need to be completed for the team to form and function well
what is forming
the group gets to know each other, how do individuals feel about each other (fit in?) how do their strengths compare
what is storming
potential conflict eg competition for roles/positions/status, compromises need to be made
ms- individuals establishing their position within the group/discussion of ideas/conflict of ideas/alliances formed/establishment of roles
what is norming
resolving the conflict and the team settles and cooperates with intention of achieving its goals, groups standards are accepted and cohesion develops
coach may finalise positions/roles and thats that
ms- agreement of roles/norms/positioning/group gains stability/development of cohesion/individuals cooperate
what is performing (tuckman)
everyone works together to achieve goals
support each other
understanding of role in the team
what are the things a team needs to be a team (4 things)
collective identity
interaction
shared goal or purpose
communication
what is collective identity
same kit
pride in the badge
affiliation provides motivation and sense of belonging
what is interaction (team)
how they work together
complete own roles successfully
link their role with other team members
what is communication (team)
talking to each other
hand signals
team calls
what is shared goal or purpose (team)
all should aim for same goal to increase motivation
goal of success keeps players working for each other
what is carrons antecedents about
the factors needed for a team to be cohesive
influences on a team must be in place for cohesion to be effective
what are the 4 carrons antecedents (LEPT)
leadership
environmental
personal
team
what are the leadership factors for carrons antecedents
coaches and captains leadership style and how they get on with others
what are the environmental factors for carrons antecedents
cliques can form which reduce individual effort
time available
mix of gender and age decrease cohesion as they have different goals
size of group: larger = more productive but better chance of SL and RE, motivation decreases
what are the personal factors for carrons antecedents
aspirations, general happiness, individual differences, how they fit in, similar values and opinions
what are the team factors for carrons antecedents
team: ability, success, ability
longer team has been together the easier it is to deal with lows
more success=more each person wants the success=more cohesion
group productivity norm
identify and explain carrons antecedents (factors) that contribute to the cohesiveness of a group (3)
environment/situational factors- size of group/time/facilities/age
member/personal factors- ability/motivation/satisfaction/similarity of group
leadership factors- style/behaviour/personality/relationship with group
team factors- task/motivation/stability/abilty/shared experiences
what is steiners model
actual productivity=potential productivity-losses due to faulty processes
outline steiners model of group productivity (1)
actual productivity = potential productivity - (losses due to) faulty processes
what is steiners model about
results are a combination of potential and lack of cohesion
what is actual productivity
performance at the end of the game eg win or lose
what is potential productivity
the best possible outcome which is when the best players with the most experience, skills and facilities interact
group potential affected by skill level of team and opposition/difficulty of task
what are losses due to faulty processes
what prevents team from reaching true potential
coordination problems
motivational problems
what are coordination problems (ldtfp)
poor tactics/apply wrong ones
strategies
lack of communication (fail to listen to coach)
lack of interaction
unacceptance/misunderstanding roles
more interactive sports are more difficult to …
coordinate
what are motivational problems (ldtfp)
too much or too little arousal which decreases performance
SOCIAL LOAFING
RINGLEMANN EFFECT
how can coordination problems be reduced
giving specific roles
maintaining communication
promote motivation
get fitter
involve all in goal setting
setting goals
clear tactics
how can cohesion be promoted
individual goals
involve all in goal setting
team meetings to resolve conflicts
set more challenging goals
establish group identity
what is social loafing
loss of motivation in individuals within a team due to a lack of performance identification so their efforts go unnoticed
what does social loafing look like
taking the easy route
hiding behind other players
not putting in the effort
not feeling valued/loved
causes of social loafing
negative attitude formation
lacking fitness
lack of confidence in ability
cliques formed
not understanding or accepting role in team
response to poor leadership (rewards and praise lacking)
avoiding social loafing
recognise and reward all players
give specific roles and responsibilities
goal setting
video analysis
increase player fitness
small sided games
use stats
motivate
individual goals
assessments to highlight worth by changing goal eg tackle counts, assists, passes, completion rates
