psychological influences on individual (anxiety, aggression, motivation) Flashcards
anxiety, aggression, motivation
def of anxiety
a state of…
a state of nervousness and worry, a negative response to treating the sporting situation
what are the 4 types of anxiety
competitive trait anxiety
cognitive anxiety
somatic anxiety
competitive state anxiety
what is competitive trait anxiety
a tendency to become anxious in all competitions
feels nerves before most games regardless of importance of game or possibility of winning
could be part of genetics
what is competitive state anxiety
a TEMPORARY response to a particular moment in a game or a specific sporting situation
it can vary throughout the game
example of competitive state anxiety
taking a penalty kick in football, they have the weight of the responsibility, temporary increase in anxiety could affect outcome unless the nerves are controlled
does competitive state anxiety vary throughout a game
can do yes
starts high and is then reduced (depending on the mood of the player)
what can be used to measure anxiety (CT AND CS)
SCAT (sports competitive anxiety test)
what is the scat test
a closed questionnaire designed to give the coach an insight into the players behaviour in competitive situations (level of scat), dealing with stress and help them overcome this
someone with high …. anxiety is likely to experience high …. anxiety when faced with ….
high trait
high state
stressful situation
especially if they feel people are watching, evaluating, or judging their performance
what is cognitive anxiety
believing they dont have the ability to complete the task experiencing NERVOUSNESS and LACK OF CONCENTRATION
psychological response such as WORRYING about losing
irrational thought as the player may be able to deal with the situation by the anxiety means perception is different
what is somatic anxiety
a response to the belief you cannot complete the task
physiological response to a threat such as increased heart rate
when is somatic anxiety usually at its worst
during the start of an event
examples of how somatic anxiety can affect the body
increase in heart rate
sweating
muscle tension=less range of movement=worse performance
sickness
what are the 3 ways sports anxiety is measured
questionnaires
observations
physiological testing
why is it important to measure anxiety
useful to ensure coaches know about how a player will deal with a situation
what are benefits of questionnaires
quick
comparable results
deals with lots of info
cheap
what is an observation
can simply be watching sports people either in training environment or during the game
what is a benefit of observation
produces realistic information- what is actually happening
what are 2 benefits of physiological testing
factual allowing comparisons easily
accurate
can be done in training or even real game situations
allowed by tech, can be collected during game
2 drawbacks of using questionnaires
mood dependent
rushed=incorrect response
might not understand q
leading questions
social desireability
what can physiological measures measure
increased:
hr
sweating
respiration
hormone level
2 drawbacks of using physiological testing
devices can restricts movement
high cost my deter amateurs from using them
training for how to use them
can cause additional stress as they know theyre being evaluated
2 drawbacks of using observations
opinion of observers=subjective data
anxiety due to observation
change behaviour because being watched
time consuming, as observer needs to know base level of normal behaviour beforehand
ms: subjective/not objective
reliant on skill of obvs
time consuming
expensive
needs to be done >once
need to know normal for comparison
may need several observers
alter behaviour: more anxiety, increased state anxiety, experience evaluation apprehension, social inhibition
on a graph (anxiety score on Y, time on X) where does cognitive anxiety first present itself andwhy
presents early (eg 48hrs prior) as they are worrying about the competition
on a graph (anxiety score on Y, time on X) once cognitive anxiety is presented what is the rest of the trend like
it continues in a flight line (from near top) until it steadily drops off ending just after 24hrs of excersise
on a graph (anxiety score on Y, time on X) when does somatic anxiety present itself and what is the trend after that
prevelent from early on but only at low level, then steadily increases and peaks mid anxiety level at peak time eg 1hr of exercise, steadily declines but ends before cognitive
.
what does the graph (anxiety score on Y, time on X) suggest about what players need to do
control their prematch nerves or they will face a burn out as somatic anxiety uses lots of energy
multidimenstional anxiety theory
somatic anxiety has an identical effect on performance like LUT
, increased SA ca improve performance up to a point, after, further increase = decrease in P
cognitive anxiety has a negative linear effect: high anxiety, lower performance
what is aggression
an INTENT TO HARM, OUTSIDE RULES of the game, unwelcome, HOSTILE behaviour, likely to cause injury, caused by over arousal
def: intent to course harm outside rules of the sport
what is assertion
well MOTIVATED behaviour, WITHIN RULES of the game, a welcome display of motivated behaviour, no intent to harm
a forceful act within rules of the sport
2 example of aggression
punching an opponent in rugby
flying elbow in football
2 examples of assertion
hard but fair tackle in rugby
50/50 challenge in football
tackling an opponent forcefully but legally in footballl
what is instrumental aggression
has intent but within the rules
example of instrumental aggression
going for the ball rather than the person and subsequenty they could be harmed
how can the player prevent aggression
walk away from the situation
use mental rehearsal and relaxation to lower arousal
what can the coach do to prevent aggression
dont reinforce aggressive acts in training
punish aggression with fines
what can the referee do to prevent aggression/deal with aggression
punish foul play players by sending them off eg red or yellow cards
apply rules fairly, consistently and immediately
talk to the players to calm them down
what are the 4 theories for aggression
instinct theory
frustration aggression hypothesis
aggressive cue hypothesis
social learning theory
what is instinct theory
all performers are born with aggressive instinct that will surface with enough provocation (REACTING to others)
after the act, you calm down (catharsis) a more controlled approach is restored
what is the problem with instinct theory
not all aggression is reactive and spontaneous some is learned and pre intended
what does the frustration aggression H suggest
that inevitable aggression occurs when GOALS ARE BLOCKED
once blocked F grows and then into A
catharsis is possible but not if aggression grows further
example of frustration aggression H
player is fouled on way to goal
he gets up and pushes other player (exp catharsis)
if not then he may aim to get his revenge later (unless player is sent off then catharsis is achieved)
what is the aggressive cue H
when frustration leads to increased arousal and drive towards aggressive responses
aggression is caused by a LEARNT TRIGGER
these only occur when responses have been learnt by being allowed to get away with it in the past/being encouraged by coach
aggressive cue is created: corner being taken, p
example of aggressive cue being created
corner being taken
playing away against a rival
seeing your biggest rival
what is SLT for aggression
aggression is seen as a LEARNT RESPONSE, copied from others
OBSERVE, IDENTIFY, REINFORCE, COPY
example of slt for aggression
you see an experienced player get away with violence you may copy if the outcome is favourable for the team
SLT for aggression- aggressive act is more likely to be copied if….
particularly if reinforced, bright, powerful and consistent
problem of SLT for aggression
aggression can be instinctive rather than learnt
what is catharsis
what aspects of play can cause frustration in sport
loosing, being fowled, crowd, referee decision, team mates making a mistake
what is motivation
a drive to succeed
keeps player on track and means they persist and are consistent and give their best in every game
combination of external stimuli and internal mechanisms that drive and direct behaviour
what is intrinsic motivation
an INNER drive from within
feeling of pride
satisfaction at completing a task
meeting the objective gives a sense of SELF SATISFACTION
what is extrinsic motivation
motivation from an outside source such as a coach or other players, spectators cheering you on
what are the 2 components of extrinsic motivation
tangible and intangible
what are tangible rewards
physical rewards that can be touched
eg medals, certificates, trophies, money
what are intangible rewards
non physical rewards
eg praise, encouragement, applause, positive comments from the press
how can a coach maintain player motivation for a novice
early rewards
making training fun
+feedback to inspire
breaking skill down intoparts
pointing out role models
how can a coach maintain player motivation for an experienced performer
correct errors via - feedback
set challenging goals
attribute success internally
make the performer responsible by giving praise
which type of motivation is stronger and longer lasting
intrinsic
what is the issue with extrinsic motivation
dont place too much emphasis on external rewards as overuse leads to loss in value and incentive
if trophy or badge always on offer then players become less motivated
some will only play for prize and not for love of the sport
pressure to perform=deviant behaviour
undermine the health and fun benefits of participation
MC which component of attitude involves a persons emotions
affective
behavioural
cognitive
affective
all players within a team are likely to experience anxiety at some point
identify and explain the different types of anxiety that may affect a performer (3)
3 of:
trait anxiety- performer generally perceives situations as threatening
state anxiety- level of anxiety at a specific time/particular situation
CTA- performer generally perceives competitive situations as threatening
CSA- level of anxiety during competitive situations
cognitive- psych responses thoughts and worries, doubts in completion ability
somatic- phys responses eg increased hr sweating
