PEDs Flashcards
social reasons for using peds
fear of not being successful/lack of belief in natural ability.
Lack of effective deterrents, the belief they will get away with it and not get caught
Win at all costs attitude.
pressure from coach from eg state sponsored doping.
High expectations from peer group, coaches and media.
Fame and fortune attached to elite sport (the very high levels of extrinsic reward, money, sponsorship deals for being successful).
Drugs easily accessible
Rewards are worth the risks
To be exciting and entertaining
Increase aggression
3 reasons
psychological reasons for using peds
to…… so uses (named ped)
to steady nerves so uses beta blockers
to increase aggression so uses anabolic steroids
to increase confidence and make yourself more up for it so uses stimulants
anabolic steroids
what are they, why are they used (benefits), which athletes may use them, side effects
what: Artificially produced hormones eg THG
why: Promote muscle growth
Increase power and strength
Reduced fat: lean body weight
Allow train for longer at higher intensity
Increased ability to train more frequently
Reduced fatigue
who: Power athletes such as sprinters: Dwayne Chambers
side effects: Liver damage
Heart and immune system problems
Ache
Behaviour changes increased aggression, paranoia and mood swings
beta blockers
what do they do/how do they work, why are they used (benefits), which athletes may use them, side effects
what/how: Help to calm an individual down (essentially preventing the adrenaline from binding with nerve receptors
why:Used to improve accuracy in precision sports by steadying the nerves
Calming the performers anxiety by keeping heart rate lower and decreasing trembling hands
They widen the arteries and increase blood flow to reduce involuntary muscle spasms
who: High precision sports: golf, archery and snooker
side effects: Tiredness due to low blood pressure
Slower heart rate reduces aerobic capacity
epo
what is it, why are is it used (benefits), which athletes may use it, side effects
what: Natural hormone produced by kidneys to increase red blood cells. Artificially manufactured to increase haemoglobin levels
why: Stimulates red blood cell production leading to increased oxygen carrying capacity.
Increases endurance and delays the onset of fatigue
An athlete can train for longer and recover more quickly
who: Endurance athletes such as long distance runners and cyclists who need effective oxygen transport to succeed in sport
side effects: Blood clots
Stroke
Death
what is THG/tetrahydrogestinone
A banned steroid used to increase power which was tweaked by chemists to make it undetectable by ‘normal tests’.
stimulants
what are they, why are they used (benefits), which athletes may use them, side effects
what: Artificial drugs that stimulate the body both mentally and physically
why: Reduce tiredness
Increase endurance
Increase alertness
who: cyclists, rugby players
side effects: Rise in blood pressure / temperature
Addiction
Irregular / fast heartbeat
diuretics
what are they, why are they used (benefits), which athletes may use them, side effects
what: Not performance-enhancing drugs on their own, but used to get rid of the traces of other drugs.
in sports with weight categories (boxing, equestrian sports).
why: Diuretics increase the production of urine, and some athletes use them to try to flush out residue from steroids.
They can also be used to shed water as a temporary weight loss measure
There are several categories of diuretic drugs. Naturally-occurring diuretics include alcohol and caffeine
who: Boxing
Horse riding
Equestrian
(also for cosmetic reasons)
side effects: Dehydration
Dizziness
Fainting
blood doping
what are they, why are they used (benefits), which athletes may use them, side effects
what: Removal of blood 2-3 months before competition and re-injecting a week before the event to increase the number of red blood cells
why: The provides the body with more energy and more red blood cells to improve endurance
who: Endurance events:
Marathon Running
Long distance Olympic events
Cycling
side effects: Heart attack
Stroke
narcotics
what are they, why are they used (benefits), which athletes may use them, side effects
what: High level pain killers (links with morphine)
why: Reduce pain
Mask an injury
who: Potentially all sports:
Rugby
American Football
side effects: Highly addictive
Respiratory problems
Nausea
implications of taking peds on the sport
Provides negative role models for children (cannot succeed unless take PEDs)
Threatens the integrity (are all athletes / cyclist / sports performers on some form of PED?)
Some sports are associated so any good performance = must be on drugs (Chris Froome / Usain Bolt / Mo Farah)
Threatens the spirit
Reputation damage
Decreases interest
Image is tarnished
the implications of taking peds on the performer positives and negatives
positives: : Fame and fortune, medals and success – as long as they don’t get caught
negative:
Damaging to performers health
Loss of reputation
Loss of earnings and sponsorship (Lance Armstrong lost $50 million)
Negative role models
Future career prospects impacted
Fines
Bans from sport (even jail MJ)
Stripped of medals (including team mates UB)
Social isolation from peers
Impact emotional and psychological well-being
strategies to eliminate peds in sport
WADA: World Anti Doping / UKAD: UK anti doping
Random testing and out-of-season testing (Whereabouts system)
Better liaison between organisations
Education programmes for athletes and coaches
Stricter punishments and life bans (removal of lottery funding)
More money into testing programme
Unifies governing body policies
Better technology for testing to keep up to date
Use of role models – both positive and negative
100% ME campaign – Chris Hoy
Biological passports
Naming and shaming of drug cheats
Standardised approach between countries, sports and organisations
Have to return funding previously received if caught
Using the media to portray the appropriate images of sport and role models
simplified way to eliminate peds in sport (DOPING)
D= drug free culture created via education programmes
O= organisations involved in drug detection/enforcements need to work together
P= punishment needs to be harsher
I= Investment is required into new testing programmes / technology
N= Name and shame negative role models
G= Guilty lose funding / sponsorship deals
what is the whereabouts system
A system designed to support out of competition testing which requires athletes to supply the details of their whereabouts so that they can be located at any time and anywhere for testing without advanced notice
when looking at a graph displays drugs in the blood eg hbg which is the drugs cheat
the one that fluctuates the most
what is an athlete biological passport and why is it used (2 reasons)
a record that monitors selected biological variables over time that indirectly reveal the effects of doping rather than attempting to detect the doping substance or method itself.
identify and target athletes for specific analytical testing by intelligent and timely interpretation of the data
and pursue possible antidoping rule violations based on an atypical passport
what are some eliminations to the strategies to stop peds in sport
difficult to gain access to individuals
to overcome the unified approach between sports and counties in tackling peds what can be done
standardised “banned lsit”, testing procedures and punishments
enabling better coordination of out of comp testing.
needs to be equality between performers
needs to be that performers dont choose between sports to avoid punishments
reasons against the legalisation of allowing peds in sport (ie we should ban peds in sport because)
Health risks and dangerous side effects.
Creates negative role models
Gives sport a negative image.
Only rich countries can afford them so never level playing field.
There are a variety of Negative consequences if caught – loss medals,
money etc
Goes against the contract to compete
Drug taking is simply illegal and is cheating.
Pressure increase from coaches and peers who take / promote drug taking.
Success should be about hard work and natural talent.
Drugs give unfair advantage, are immoral, unethical and against fair play
reasons for the legalisation of allowing peds in sport
Drugs are easy to access – hard to prevent (spend the money elsewhere).
Detection is not always effective or accurate – testers are always 1 step behind.
Hard to define what a drug is (supplements, oxygen tents, caffeine).
Just another training aid – others are used (technology)
Institutionalised doping programmes are hard to prevent / infiltrate.
Some sponsors support disgraced athlete (Gaitlin and Nike).
Appropriate bans are difficult to issue.
Sacrifices made by performer are a personal choice
Level playing field if everyone takes drugs
If monitored properly – health risks are significantly reduced
Athletes do not ask to be roles models
They have the right to chose how they abuse their body
May be naturally occurring in bodies (testosterone)
Really helpful to aid to train longer and recover from strenuous training faster
what is a therapeutic usage exemption
when an athlete may have an illnesses or condition that requires the use of medication listed on the World Anti-Doping Agency’s Prohibited List. USADA can grant a Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE) in these situations in compliance with the World Anti-Doping Agency International Standard for TUEs.
The TUE application process is thorough and designed to balance the need to provide athletes access to critical medication while protecting the rights of clean athletes to complete on a level playing field.
what is the balco scandal
The ‘Bay Area Laboratory Cooperative’ which was behind one of the biggest scandals in drugs history as the source of THG, with several athletes implicated and subsequently banned from sport, including sprinters Dwayne Chambers and Marion jones
which one of the following would benefit most from taking beta blockers
golfer
marathon runner
rugby player
sprinter
golfer
