injury prevention and rehabilitation of injury

Question 1

causes of injury (7 things)

Answer 1

inadequate preparation
poor equipment
poor technique
overloading too soon
collision/direct external force
a projectile/object
overuse

Question 2

what are the 2 main categories of sports injury

Answer 2

acute and chronic

Question 3

what is an acute injury

Answer 3

one that occurs suddenly during exercise, pain is instant and can be severe

Question 4

what is a chronic injury

Answer 4

occur after playing sport for a long period of time, often called overuse injuries.

develop slowly can last a long time and are often ignored/played through

Question 5

what are symptoms of acute injuries

Answer 5

sudden severe pain
swelling around injured site (quicker the swelling the worse the injury)
not being able to weight bear
restricted movement
weakness of limb
a protruding bones that is visibly out of place

Question 6

what is the most common injury in rugby and what are some symptoms

Answer 6

concussion
1 pupil is larger than the other then its concussion.
dizziness

Question 7

example of acute injuries (5)

Answer 7

dislocation
sprain
strain
fracture
achilles tendon rupture

Question 8

examples of chronic injuries (3 things)

Answer 8

tennis elbow
stress fracture
achilles tendonitis

Question 9

how to test for achilles tendon rupture

Answer 9

put knee down on a chair and sequeeze gastrocnemius

if the foot jerks then the achilles tendon is still intact although can be partially ruptured

if total then no movement

Question 10

what can the healing process of partial and total achilles tendon rupture be like

(conservative and operation)

Answer 10

partial can heal relatively quickly

total can take about 2 yr recovery

conservative method: cant put foot on floor for 10 mins, have a leg cast with put in specific position, then move and recast, then move and recast etc until foot in natural position. each time you move and recast your breaking a bit of the tendon and so it hurts

surgical repair: takes a long time for the wound on the back of the heel to repair as there isnt a lot of blood flow, if break fri do wed, do binding of tendon, recommended for athletes as quicker for healing

everything quicker if have elite sport facilities

Question 11

what are the 3 categories of fracture ie how the bone can be projected after the facture

Answer 11

open/compound

stable/nondisplaced

displaced

Question 12

what is a compound or open fracture

Answer 12

skin pierced by bone or by a blow that breaks the skin at the same time of fracture

Question 13

what is a stable/nondisplaced fracture

Answer 13

broken ends of bone line up and barely move out of place

Question 14

what is a displaced fracture

Answer 14

when the two bones are not aligned, but does not pierce the skin

Question 15

what are the types of fracture

Answer 15

transverse
linear
oblique nondisplaced
oblique displaced
spiral
greenstick
comminuted
hairline
buckle

categories:
stable
open/compound
displaced

Question 16

what is a comminuted fracture

Answer 16

the bone breaks or splinters into 3 or more fragments

Question 17

what is a spiral fracture

Answer 17

a winding breaks, results from a rotatory mechanism

Question 18

what is a longitudinal fracture

Answer 18

a break that is the length of the bone

Question 19

what is a buckle fracture

Answer 19

occurs when the bone deforms but doesnt break

aka torus (buckling of the bone cortex)

Question 20

what is a hairline fracture

Answer 20

a partial fracture of the bone that is difficult to detect

Question 21

what is a greenstick fracture

Answer 21

commonly occurs on children where the bone partly fractures on one side but does not break

like a greenstick, in children because they havent finished the ossification process yet

Question 22

what is an avulsion fracture

Answer 22

caused by a tendon dislodging a bone fragment

Question 23

what is a oblique displaced and non displaced fracture

Answer 23

fractures occur at an angle, fracture has an angled pattern,

displaced broken but 2 bits still touching whereas nondisplaced it one bones moves away

Question 24

what is a transverse fracture

Answer 24

fracture has a horizontal fracture line

fractures are perpendicular to the long axis of a bone.

Question 25

https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/multimedia/image/common-types-of-fracture-lines

Question 26

identify three symptoms of a fracture (3)

Answer 26

swelling/bruising
deformity
pain in the injured area
loss of function
in compound fractures, bone protruding from the skin

Question 27

what is dislocation, what is it caused by, is it easy to see etc

Answer 27

occurs at a joint, when a bone is forced out of position

very painful

caused by a direct force/contact/fall

often very easy to see

Question 28

describe the possible causes, symptoms and treatment for a dislocation (3)

Answer 28

cause: fall or a blow, sometimes from playing a contact sport

symptoms: swollen, painful, visibly out of place, unable to move joint or limb

treatment: manipulation to reposition bones, a sling or splint and rehabilitation (also ice pack/cold compress/gas and air)

Question 29

what could cause a person to be able to dislocate their joint in and out and what could resolve this

Answer 29

they dislocate it in the first place and the ligaments become slack/saggy and so it is easy to dislocate again/can do it voluntarily

have operation to get them tightened

Question 30

what is a sprain

Answer 30

sprains occur to ligaments which are strong bands of tissue around joints that connect bone to bone

can occur when a joint is stretched too far and the ligament TEARS

most common in ankles

Question 31

what is a strain

Answer 31

pulled or torn muscle/muscle fibre or tendon

occurs when muscle fibres are stretched too far and tear

elite athletes common with overuse of a specific muscle group

Question 32

why are sprains common in team sports

Answer 32

due to the sudden changes in speed and direction

Question 33

what are the grades of strains and how can a strain be identified

Answer 33

1 very partial
2 partial
3 full

for a full the muscle can spring up/down and bulge

VERY bad bruising occurs

Question 34

distinguish between a sprain and a strain (2)

Answer 34

sprains: one or more ligaments are stretched/twisted or torn

strain: when muscle fibres stretch or tear

Question 35

what are the signs/symptoms of a chronic injury

Answer 35

pain when you compete/exercise
a dull ache as you rest
swelling

Question 36

what is achilles tendonitis

Answer 36

CHRONIC
an overuse injury, causes pain and inflammation of the achilles tendon

anyone exercising a lot can be prone to tendonitis, particularly older people, eg marathon training

can be an early indicator that it will rupture

Question 37

what is the achilles tendon

Answer 37

the largest tendon in the body, located in the back of the ankle, connects the gastrocnemius to the heel

Question 38

what is a stress fracture

Answer 38

CHRONIC
an overuse injury, area becomes tender and swollen,
common in weight bearing bones eg lower leg
often linked to muscular fatigue, causing lack of assistance through eccentric contraction.

the muscle eventually transfers the stress/pressure overload to the bone causing a tiny crack

different to shin splits but difficult to distinguish

Question 39

what are shin splints

Answer 39

CHRONIC
a soft tissue injury
muscle grows quickly and bulges out of st casing > pain

Question 40

what is tennis elbow

Answer 40

CHRONIC
an overuse injury, overuse of tendons in the elbow (epicondylitis) caused by the wrist extensor muscle/muscles in forearm being overused, tendon is under tension.

the muscle and tendon both become inflamed at the point where the tendon attaches to the bone, tears are common

causes a dull ache

a type of tendonitis

Question 41

treatment for tennis elbow

Answer 41

where a brace to substitute the need for the tendon