methods of presenting and types of practice Flashcards
what are the methods of presenting practice
whole, whole-part-whole and progressive part
what are the types of practice
massed, distributed, variable, mental practice
factors to consider when selecting the appropriate method (6)
stage of learning
fitness
motivation
skill classification
time available
safety of skill
definition of whole practice
involves performing the skill in its entirety without breaking it up into sub routines
why is whole practice ideal (2)
promotes understanding
establishes links between sub-routines and creates fluency
what is an example of whole practice
golf swing (played by an experienced player because it is discrete and hard to breakdown
advantages of whole practice (3 + 1 extended)
gives a feel for the whole skill
links between subroutines are maintained
allows movement to be more fluent
reduces time needed to perfect the skill
- helps creates specific images that can be stored as a motor program (ltm)
- more realistic promotes +transfer between in practice and in the game
- makes the skill more consistent
disadvantages for whole practice (3)
performer may not be able to cope with all the aspects of the skill at once (beginner)
performers quickly fatigue
information overload
what is whole part whole practice
assessing the skill, identifying a weaknesses to practice then putting the skill back together
performer attempts the whole skill to get a feel for the movement, then the skill is broken down into parts, each part is practiced individually/ weaknesses are highlighted, practiced and but back into whole skill
an example of WPW practice
when practicing a tennis serve the coach can take out the ball toss if it is a weakness
advantages of WPW practice
motivation when a longstanding weakness has been overcome
immediate feedback
corrects errors
improves performance
maintains feel for whole skill and the transition between components
improves the selected weakness and allows it to be integrated into the whole action
disadvantages of WPW practice
may produce negative transfer if done incorrectly (doesnt integrate back into skill at the end)
as soon as the weakness is rectified it needs replacing as soon as possible
more time consuming than doing the whole skill
what is progressive part practice
practicing the first part of the skill then adding parts gradually sometimes called chaining
when is ppp used
for serial skills, the links between subroutines need to be made, danger may make it a neccessity, low skill level- makes to parts clear, complex then isolates difficult part
example of when ppp is used
gymnastic floor routine or triple jump
advantages of ppp
learner focuses on one part at a time
allows correction for weaknesses
allows rest so fatigue is reduced
promotes success - increasing motivation
success is achieved in stages
improves confidence
disadvantages of ppp
time consuming, lose the feel of the skill, may ignore links between subroutines, negative transfer may occur so make sure the subroutine is properly learnt before moving on.
what is massed practice
continuous no rest between activities
example of massed practice
basketball shooting, cricket throw downs
advantages of massed practice
promotes fitness
makes skill automatic as motor programmes are grooved
gets job done quickly fixed responses become habit
skill can be repeated consistently
disadvantages for massed practice
con produce fatigue
must make practice similar to game situation to avoid negative transfer
must be simple due to high demands
what is distributed practice
rest intervals between sets or sessions
when is distributed practice used
for open, complex and externally paced skills
what are the advantages of distributed practice
reduces pressure on performer
reduces fatigue
good for beginners, more controlled environment
specific feedback can be given between efforts
allows for mental practice
motivation from praise and seeing improvements
improves safety
what are some disadvantages for distributed practice
time consuming/slower progress
experts may not benefit
danger of negative transfer if not integrated
what is varied practice
changing the format of practice and drills
when is varied practice used
open, externally paced and continuous skills
what are some advantages of varied practice
adds variety and makes it less boring
increases motivation
allows adaption of existing skills
allows adaptation to changing game situations
what are some disadvantages to varied practice
more time consuming
danger of negative transfer
info overload
danger of fatigue
need to make sure skill is secured before they can be adapted or challenged
what is an example of varied practice
BEEF in a basketball lesson
practice shot
move back
add static defender
then 2v1
etc
what is mental practice
going over the skill in your mind without movement
external eg viewing yourself on tv
or
internal eg kinaesthesis, looking at anxieties and mental control
what is an example of mental practice
a mountain biker practicing the track before the race
what are the general advantages to mental practice
improves confidence
stimulates muscle receptors making your more prepared
decreases reaction time
improves cognitive decision making
useful when injured as you can maintain skill memory
advantages of mental practice for beginners
it is short
key parts are highlighted
lower arousal and anxiety
builds confidence and motivation
creates image of the skill
advantages of mental practice for experts
preestablished so coach doesnt have to be present or take up training time
pre focus on opponents weaknesses
increases performance
-decreases reaction time
-activates muscles
-promotes automatic responses
changing the practice type and the practice drills is which type of practice
distributed
massed
mental practice
variable
variable
