technology in sport

Question 1

what is sports analytics

Answer 1

Studying data from sports performance to try to improve performance

the analysis of sports data using analytical tools and methods; data to be subjected to analytical procedures in order to try to improve results.

Question 2

what is research and why is it used

Answer 2

a systematic process of investigation and study carried out with the aim of advancing knowledge

Used to analyse sports performance to help the player understand what they are doing (good and bad) and what the opponent is doing.

Question 3

what could a pitch map on a cricket green tell us, showing us the places where the ball landed and its outcome

Answer 3

if most of the balls bowled that resulted in wickets where bowled full, it shows that this pitch? suits a fuller bowl

Question 4

what is opta

Answer 4

opta is a company that has statisticians gathering and analysing sporting data collected in order to create the best predictions of sporting outcomes as possible.

Question 5

uses of opta in football and cricket (3 things)

Answer 5

Fine-tune and optimise performance,
Give detailed analysis of opponents,
Help in the effective recruitment of new talent

Question 6

what is quantitative data/research

Answer 6

Quantitative research is a formal, objective and systematic way to gather Quantitative data (factual information and numerical data), can be measured precisely

can be used to prove a hypothesis

Question 7

eg of quantitative data

Answer 7

VO2 max test

Question 8

what is qualitative data/research

Answer 8

Qualitative research is generally focused on words (it is descriptive).

is subjective as it looks at feelings, opinions and emotions, way of thinking

less precise than quantitative and less time consuming

Question 9

eg of qualitative data

Answer 9

coaches expressing an opinion when judging a gymnast performing a competitive routine

Question 10

what is objective data and why is it suitable

Answer 10

data is information received based on facts
It is measurable and observable and therefore highly suitable and meaningful for decision making when feeding back to sports performers.

Question 11

egs of objective data

Answer 11

The split times for a swimmer swimming 800m
Your score on the bleep test
How many passes (successful / unsuccessful) you completed during the game

Question 12

what is subjective data

Answer 12

Subjective data is based on personal opinions, assumptions, interpretations, emotions and beliefs.

With an emphasis on personal opinions, it is seen as less suitable and meaningful when feeding back to performers

Question 13

egs of subjective data

Answer 13

Olympic diving judges

a coach feeding back to an U10s team at half time – giving their opinion of the first half performance

Question 14

what is validity

Answer 14

Validity refers to the degree to which the data collected actually measures what it claims to measure.

can a hand grip strength test give an indication of kicking power in swimming

Question 15

what is reliability

Answer 15

Reliability is when the data collected is consistent and similar results are achieved when the data collection process is repeated at a later date

Refers to the degree to which data collection is consistent and stable over time

Question 16

when do errors in reliability occur (3 things)

Answer 16

when equipment is used incorrectly

using poorly maintained / faulty equipment (scales)

when validity is compromised

Question 17

what does reliability look like for quantitative research

Answer 17

Can be repeated tests on the same candidate (skin fold measurements) and getting very similar results

Question 18

what does reliability look like for qualitative research

Answer 18

the researcher placing results into similar categories on different occasions. For example: Goal of the season questionnaire.

Question 19

data is collected one two occasions using the same test, the results collects are consistent, what is this an example of (1)

Answer 19

reliability

Question 20

what is performance analysis

Answer 20

The provision of objective feedback to performers trying to get a positive change in performance. (feedback can be gained on a variety of performance indicators

it is needed because performers can only remember 30% of what happens in a game, so the other 70% is supported by PA

Question 21

examples of a variety of performance indicators needed to give feedback as PA

Answer 21

including the number of passes made; distance run in kilometres; number of shots attempted etc

Question 22

what is video motion analysis

Answer 22

The use of quantitative analysis (measured observation) during or after an event to quantify performance in an accurate, reliable and valid way

can happens side of pitch or in lab/analysis room after match

Question 23

what are the 2 areas of video motion analysis

Answer 23

notational match analysis and biomechanics

Question 24

what is notational match analysis

Answer 24

Study of movement patterns, strategy and tactics in a variety of sports. Used to gather objective data on athletes performance

Question 25

what is biomechanics

Answer 25

Analyse sporting impact of body movements. Quantitative based study and analysis of sports activities (motion of body with respect to time, displacement, velocity and speed of movement)

Question 26

what does video motion analysis help to do an give ge

Answer 26

identify and correct problems eg the angle of release in shot putt, head position when shooting in football or the point of impact in a golf shot

Question 27

what is a metabolic cart

Answer 27

The device which works by attaching headgear to a subject while the person breaths a specific amount of oxygen over a period of time.

Question 28

what is calorimetry

Answer 28

the measurement of the heat (expenditure) overtime in any system in a thermally sealed chamber (expensive / niche)

Question 29

what is indirect calorimetry

Answer 29

The measurement of the amount of heat and energy generated in oxidation reaction (O2 / Co2) which influences our metabolism measuring REE

Question 30

what is resting energy expenditure

Answer 30

The amount of energy, usually expressed in Kcal, required for a 24-hour period by the body during rest

Question 31

individual variations exist in a persons REE due to what factors

Answer 31

Weight / obesity Height / weight ratio Chemistry of body in response to various drugs Illness

Question 32

why is indirect calorimetry and use of a metabolic cart useful

Answer 32

determines energy requirements and response to nutrition over time by calculating energy expenditure SO nutritional requirements and calorific needs can be determined

Question 33

what are the possible difficulties or sources of error affecting validity and reliability using indirect calorimetry via metabolic cart

Answer 33

Possible inaccuracies from measurement or recording errors ( from air leaks) The process actually measures consumption, not needs Overfeeding or underfeeding may occur, based on results received

Question 34

which method of estimating energy expenditure involves measuring the production of CO2 and or the consumption of O2 (1) indirect calorimetry lactate sampling VO2 max

Answer 34

indirect calorimetry

Question 35

which of the following components of fitness can be measured using indirect calorimetry (1) aerobic endurance flexibility muscular endurance

Answer 35

aerobic endurance

Question 36

what does gps stand for and what does it do

Answer 36

Global positioning system (GPS): A space based navigation system that provides location and time information

Question 37

what is gps used for

Answer 37

Tracks player speed, distance and direction Can monitor ‘hit’ rates helping with decisions on substitutions Helps the coach compare player performance and potentially ‘pick the best players’ for the team based on GPS data track positioning on field Making better use of training time to ensure training meets the game demands Make objective decisions about substitutions Decrease injury by gauging fatigue Manages work load an rehabilitation Improves the tactical analysis undertaken at a club Helps to get injured players successfully though rehab at a faster rate Not just pro athletes due to smart phones

Question 38

what is data integrity

Answer 38

Maintaining and ensuring the accuracy and consistency of stored data over its entire lifetime.

Question 39

data integrity can be compromised when

Answer 39

Human error when data is entered Errors occurring when data is transmitted from one computer to another Software bugs or viruses Hardware malfunctions such as disk crashes

Question 40

ways to minimise threats to data integrity

Answer 40

Regular backing up data Controlling access to data and protecting against Hacks Designing interfaces which prevent the invalid input of data Using error detection and correction software Monitor computer and do not leave unattended

Question 41

which of the following issues relates specifically to manual data entry (1) bugs/viruses hardware malfunction human error transmission from one computer to another

Answer 41

human error

Question 42

what is a smart wearable fitness and sports device

Answer 42

Device that is worn or attached to a performer’s body while in use to provide instant feedback on aspects of performance such as distance covered, heart rate etc

Question 43

what are G forces

Answer 43

Forces acting on the body as a result of acceleration or gravity (e.g. the G load / force of an American football ‘hit’ on an opponent

Question 44

what is software and hardware

Answer 44

Computer software is any set of machine-readable instructions which direct a computers processor to perform specific operations. Computer hardware is the physical component of computers

Question 45

what are the areas i need to know sport analytics for

Answer 45

Monitoring fitness Skill and technique development Injury prevention Game analysis Talent Identification

Question 46

why is Monitoring fitness used and who can it be used for

Answer 46

to gain information to help monitor fitness for performance individuals/recreational and elite sport

Question 47

how can sports analytics for monitoring of fitness be used for an individual/for recreation

Answer 47

HR (and zones), calories burnt

Question 48

how can sports analytics for monitoring of fitness be used for elite sport

Answer 48

distance covered, pace of running, sleep statistics, calorie input and output, HR monitoring before, during and after exercise

Question 49

how can sports analytics for skill and technique development

Answer 49

Video analysis programmes (Dartfish) used to identify strengths and weaknesses in performance and comparing to own previous or elite level performer. Excellent for use in golf and tennis where visual feedback of performance is really valuable

Question 50

how can sports analytics for injury prevention (2 things)

Answer 50

vibration technology and electrostimulation

Question 51

what is vibration technology

Answer 51

use of plate to induce exercise effects in the body Vibration training / therapy is also know as whole body vibration (WBV) and an example of its usage involves the use of vibration plates to induce exercise effects in the body

Question 52

benefits of vibration technology

Answer 52

Improved bone density Improved muscle mass Improving circulation Reduce joint pain Reduce back pain Alleviating stress Boosting metabolism Reduction in pain / DOMS Maintain cartilage integrity really good for people who arent very mobile

Question 53

what is electrostimulation

Answer 53

The production of muscle contractions using electrical impulses

Question 54

benefits of electrostimulation

Answer 54

Strengthening and toning muscles to help prevent injury Helping prevent losses in fitness levels via application to specific muscle groups – maintains muscle tone during periods of inactivity Assists rehabilitation gradual strengthening of injured muscles Helps remove Lactic acid after a training session – decreases chance of injury

Question 55

how can sports analytics for game analysis (link to type of data)

Answer 55

Quantitative data – player performance metrics – court covered during the match Use of computes, ipads and video to get real time analysis and feedback GPS

Question 56

how can sports analytics for talent identification (link to type of data)

Answer 56

Qualitative data: written scouting reports Pathway analytics: Systematic profiling and benchmarking to select for certain Olympic sports (Rebecca Romero): Height, length etc Identifying the most likely to succeed at elite level

Question 57

adapted sports equipment helps with mobility limitations due to ....

Answer 57

age and disability

Question 58

how has the paralympics/disability sports used adapted sports equipment

Answer 58

prosthetics specific wheelchairs

Question 59

what are the types of adapted equipment for the elderly (4 things)

Answer 59

technologically advanced wheelchair exercise balance beam low impact pedal exercise machine finger extension exerciser

Question 60

what are multi use areas (MUGAS) and what is their benefit

Answer 60

a space to play lots of different sports > increase participation

Question 61

what are 3G and 4G surfaces

Answer 61

astroturf synthetic pitch weave surfaces (grass and fibres) 3G: Third generation artificial synthetic grass pitches 4G: have an extra layer so you can play rugby and tackle on them

Question 62

4 benefits to sport of technological developments in artificial surfaces

Answer 62

played on more frequently give consistent conditions weather proof- reduces disruptions to games. excellent for hockey as it stops ball hitting faces

Question 63

2 drawbacks to sport of technological developments in artificial surfaces

Answer 63

They have an unnatural bounce which is difficult for performers to judge (e.g. football) Their rigidity can lead to injuries (e.g. joints / ligaments and tendons

Question 64

5 benefits of wearing compression clothes

Answer 64

Optimised muscle temperature decreases risk of injury. Decreased pain from muscle stiffness Decreased time for muscle repair Potential for increased venous return and oxygen delivery to working muscles. Enhances recovery

Question 65

what is the olympic legacy

Answer 65

making use of used olympic facilities in order to be sustainable and to increase participation Iconic facilities: transforming place for people to play in towns and cities

Question 66

example in london olympic park

Answer 66

lee valley velopark: lit cycle track, velodrome, mountain bike, bmx

Question 67

describe how adaptable london olympic aquatics centre is

Answer 67

they build a building and then added temporary grandstands to accommodate more spectators, the pool can change depth and size depending on sports

Question 68

advantages of technology for the sport

Answer 68

Optimising performance and allows marginal gains (eg heated trousers for cyclists in periods of inactivity to help with muscle temperature) Increase participation and making sport more inclusive (adapted equipment such as carbon fibre prosthetic blades and lightweight wheelchairs Increases the quality of surfaces sport played on (woven fibres in premiership football pitches) also: Provide data such as GPS which help with short and long term player development

Question 69

disadvantages of technology for the sport

Answer 69

Expensive so not all sports have access to technology or not all levels meaning discrepancies (eg goal line technology) Paralysis by analysis – people becoming too reliant on data rather than instinct It can have a placebo effect – it may increase confidence of performer rather than actually benefit the performer also: Can be misleading, some sports it is less important (power output by cyclist in last 10m sprint, distance covered in a sport requiring tactics eg cav exp

Question 70

advantages of technology for the performer

Answer 70

Improved recovery from training (eg compression suits etc)/Improved recovery from injuries and better rehabilitation (oxygen tents) > improved performance. Detailed scientific analysis of performance via GPS data – providing technical and physiological feedback Increased knowledge of diet and sports supplements (carbo-loading, energy drinks) Improved sports equipment – hit the ball further, adjust the club to hit the ball straighter also: Improved sleep enabling appropriate recovery and rest (footballers given sleep bands) Advancements in drug-testing technology to fight the drug war Improved footwear and clothing – leading to improved performance in sprinting and swimming

Question 71

disadvantages of technology for the performer

Answer 71

Expensive and unaffordable – leading to inequalities in some sports or unfair advantages for individuals Only individual with means or sponsorship or team money have access to the best technologies (Team Sky) so unfair advantage Can lead to injury or the feeling of invincibility (bladed football boots, proactive padding go in for harder tackles>injury) Lead to increased drug taking as less likely to get caught because masking agents exist

Question 72

advantages of technology for the coach

Answer 72

Better knowledge of player and makes scouting easier/selecting team Better analysis of opponents strengths and weaknesses Greater analysis of team performance or individual contributions also: Video analysis allows assessment of players tactically, technically and physiologically Focused training sessions on weaknesses

Question 73

disadvantages of technology for the coach

Answer 73

Data can be hacked and used against them Own weaknesses used against them by the opponents Over emphasis on data/reliance on it and not on initiative in game strategy

Question 74

advantages of technology for the official

Answer 74

Helps officials communicate with each other; Less pressure on official to make the final judgement / less post-match criticism; Timing / measurement accurate; Ensure correct decisions are made / fair competition / less controversy / players more confident in decisions. also: Creates excitement in crowd waiting for decision / allows players to officially challenge decisions. ???

Question 75

disadvantages of technology for the official

Answer 75

Officials using technology can still be wrong / technology can’t be used for everything / officials are an integral part of the sporting contest / over reliance on technology / lose respect of official’s decision being final also: Breaks in play can be disruptive for spectators if too long. Specific technology used must be accurate / high level of reliability; Changes the nature of the sport. Cost limits use of technology at events / not consistent for all players or spectators.

Question 76

advantages of technology for the spectator

Answer 76

More knowledgeable spectator – ref mic in rugby It ensures the right decision is made leading to less frustration at poor decisions > decreased violence Increased accuracy of timing and distances are quickly communicated to the audience (big screens on TV)/Quality home viewing experience also: Excitement from watching top level performers as a result of technological advancements (6s in cricket). Statistics available on the internet for improved viewer knowledge and interest. Increased excitement and involvement due to Hawkeye or 3rd official work.

Question 77

disadvantages of technology for the spectator

Answer 77

Breaks in play disrupt the viewing experience, possible over use in matches, significantly slowing the game down A loss of respect for the official as the ‘final decision maker’ Costs limit the use to some events, resulting in inconsistencies (Goal line technology) violence

Question 79

Does modern tv give same spectator experience as attending the event? arguments for

Answer 79

Enhanced sound and picture quality improves the experience (HD) Technology allows individualised experiences through live screenings, player cam, Hawkeye and ref link

Question 80

Does modern tv give same spectator experience as attending the event? arguments against

Answer 80

The audience does not get an all-encompassing view The experience lacks ‘real’ atmosphere Less sense of being part of the spectacle or playing a role in the contest The audience is unlikely to interact with opposition spectators