technology in sport Flashcards
what is sports analytics
Studying data from sports performance to try to improve performance
the analysis of sports data using analytical tools and methods; data to be subjected to analytical procedures in order to try to improve results.
what is research and why is it used
a systematic process of investigation and study carried out with the aim of advancing knowledge
Used to analyse sports performance to help the player understand what they are doing (good and bad) and what the opponent is doing.
what could a pitch map on a cricket green tell us, showing us the places where the ball landed and its outcome
if most of the balls bowled that resulted in wickets where bowled full, it shows that this pitch? suits a fuller bowl
what is opta
opta is a company that has statisticians gathering and analysing sporting data collected in order to create the best predictions of sporting outcomes as possible.
uses of opta in football and cricket (3 things)
Fine-tune and optimise performance,
Give detailed analysis of opponents,
Help in the effective recruitment of new talent
what is quantitative data/research
Quantitative research is a formal, objective and systematic way to gather Quantitative data (factual information and numerical data), can be measured precisely
can be used to prove a hypothesis
eg of quantitative data
VO2 max test
what is qualitative data/research
Qualitative research is generally focused on words (it is descriptive).
is subjective as it looks at feelings, opinions and emotions, way of thinking
less precise than quantitative and less time consuming
eg of qualitative data
coaches expressing an opinion when judging a gymnast performing a competitive routine
what is objective data and why is it suitable
data is information received based on facts
It is measurable and observable and therefore highly suitable and meaningful for decision making when feeding back to sports performers.
egs of objective data
The split times for a swimmer swimming 800m
Your score on the bleep test
How many passes (successful / unsuccessful) you completed during the game
what is subjective data
Subjective data is based on personal opinions, assumptions, interpretations, emotions and beliefs.
With an emphasis on personal opinions, it is seen as less suitable and meaningful when feeding back to performers
egs of subjective data
Olympic diving judges
a coach feeding back to an U10s team at half time – giving their opinion of the first half performance
what is validity
Validity refers to the degree to which the data collected actually measures what it claims to measure.
can a hand grip strength test give an indication of kicking power in swimming
what is reliability
Reliability is when the data collected is consistent and similar results are achieved when the data collection process is repeated at a later date
Refers to the degree to which data collection is consistent and stable over time
when do errors in reliability occur (3 things)
when equipment is used incorrectly
using poorly maintained / faulty equipment (scales)
when validity is compromised
what does reliability look like for quantitative research
Can be repeated tests on the same candidate (skin fold measurements) and getting very similar results
what does reliability look like for qualitative research
the researcher placing results into similar categories on different occasions. For example: Goal of the season questionnaire.
data is collected one two occasions using the same test, the results collects are consistent, what is this an example of (1)
reliability
what is performance analysis
The provision of objective feedback to performers trying to get a positive change in performance. (feedback can be gained on a variety of performance indicators
it is needed because performers can only remember 30% of what happens in a game, so the other 70% is supported by PA
examples of a variety of performance indicators needed to give feedback as PA
including the number of passes made; distance run in kilometres; number of shots attempted etc
what is video motion analysis
The use of quantitative analysis (measured observation) during or after an event to quantify performance in an accurate, reliable and valid way
can happens side of pitch or in lab/analysis room after match
what are the 2 areas of video motion analysis
notational match analysis and biomechanics
what is notational match analysis
Study of movement patterns, strategy and tactics in a variety of sports. Used to gather objective data on athletes performance
what is biomechanics
Analyse sporting impact of body movements. Quantitative based study and analysis of sports activities (motion of body with respect to time, displacement, velocity and speed of movement)
what does video motion analysis help to do an give ge
identify and correct problems
eg the angle of release in shot putt, head position when shooting in football or the point of impact in a golf shot
what is a metabolic cart
The device which works by attaching headgear to a subject while the person breaths a specific amount of oxygen over a period of time.
what is calorimetry
the measurement of the heat (expenditure) overtime in any system in a thermally sealed chamber (expensive / niche)
what is indirect calorimetry
The measurement of the amount of heat and energy generated in oxidation reaction (O2 / Co2) which influences our metabolism
measuring REE
what is resting energy expenditure
The amount of energy, usually expressed in Kcal, required for a 24-hour period by the body during rest
individual variations exist in a persons REE due to what factors
Weight / obesity
Height / weight ratio
Chemistry of body in response to various drugs
Illness
why is indirect calorimetry and use of a metabolic cart useful
determines energy requirements and response to nutrition over time by calculating energy expenditure
SO nutritional requirements and calorific needs can be determined
what are the possible difficulties or sources of error affecting validity and reliability using indirect calorimetry via metabolic cart
Possible inaccuracies from measurement or recording errors ( from air leaks)
The process actually measures consumption, not needs
Overfeeding or underfeeding may occur, based on results received
which method of estimating energy expenditure involves measuring the production of CO2 and or the consumption of O2 (1)
indirect calorimetry
lactate sampling
VO2 max
indirect calorimetry
which of the following components of fitness can be measured using indirect calorimetry (1)
aerobic endurance
flexibility
muscular endurance
aerobic endurance
what does gps stand for and what does it do
Global positioning system (GPS): A space based navigation system that provides location and time information
what is gps used for
Tracks player speed, distance and direction
Can monitor ‘hit’ rates helping with decisions on substitutions
Helps the coach compare player performance and potentially ‘pick the best players’ for the team based on GPS data
track positioning on field
Making better use of training time to ensure training meets the game demands
Make objective decisions about substitutions
Decrease injury by gauging fatigue
Manages work load an rehabilitation
Improves the tactical analysis undertaken at a club
Helps to get injured players successfully though rehab at a faster rate
Not just pro athletes due to smart phones
what is data integrity
Maintaining and ensuring the accuracy and consistency of stored data over its entire lifetime.
data integrity can be compromised when
Human error when data is entered
Errors occurring when data is transmitted from one computer to another
Software bugs or viruses
Hardware malfunctions such as disk crashes
ways to minimise threats to data integrity
Regular backing up data
Controlling access to data and protecting against Hacks
Designing interfaces which prevent the invalid input of data
Using error detection and correction software
Monitor computer and do not leave unattended
which of the following issues relates specifically to manual data entry (1)
bugs/viruses
hardware malfunction
human error
transmission from one computer to another
human error
what is a smart wearable fitness and sports device
Device that is worn or attached to a performer’s body while in use to provide instant feedback on aspects of performance such as distance covered, heart rate etc
what are G forces
Forces acting on the body as a result of acceleration or gravity (e.g. the G load / force of an American football ‘hit’ on an opponent
what is software and hardware
Computer software is any set of machine-readable instructions which direct a computers processor to perform specific operations. Computer hardware is the physical component of computers
what are the areas i need to know sport analytics for
Monitoring fitness
Skill and technique development
Injury prevention
Game analysis
Talent Identification
why is Monitoring fitness used and who can it be used for
to gain information to help monitor fitness for performance
individuals/recreational and elite sport
how can sports analytics for monitoring of fitness be used for an individual/for recreation
HR (and zones), calories burnt
how can sports analytics for monitoring of fitness be used for elite sport
distance covered, pace of running, sleep statistics, calorie input and output, HR monitoring before, during and after exercise
how can sports analytics for skill and technique development
Video analysis programmes (Dartfish) used to identify strengths and weaknesses in performance and comparing to own previous or elite level performer.
Excellent for use in golf and tennis where visual feedback of performance is really valuable
how can sports analytics for injury prevention (2 things)
vibration technology and electrostimulation
what is vibration technology
use of plate to induce exercise effects in the body
Vibration training / therapy is also know as whole body vibration (WBV) and an example of its usage involves the use of vibration plates to induce exercise effects in the body
benefits of vibration technology
Improved bone density
Improved muscle mass
Improving circulation
Reduce joint pain
Reduce back pain
Alleviating stress
Boosting metabolism
Reduction in pain / DOMS
Maintain cartilage integrity
really good for people who arent very mobile
what is electrostimulation
The production of muscle contractions using electrical impulses
benefits of electrostimulation
Strengthening and toning muscles to help prevent injury
Helping prevent losses in fitness levels via application to specific muscle groups – maintains muscle tone during periods of inactivity
Assists rehabilitation gradual strengthening of injured muscles
Helps remove Lactic acid after a training session – decreases chance of injury
how can sports analytics for game analysis (link to type of data)
Quantitative data – player performance metrics – court covered during the match
Use of computes, ipads and video to get real time analysis and feedback
GPS
how can sports analytics for talent identification (link to type of data)
Qualitative data: written scouting reports
Pathway analytics: Systematic profiling and benchmarking to select for certain Olympic sports (Rebecca Romero): Height, length etc
Identifying the most likely to succeed at elite level
adapted sports equipment helps with mobility limitations due to ….
age and disability
how has the paralympics/disability sports used adapted sports equipment
prosthetics
specific wheelchairs
what are the types of adapted equipment for the elderly (4 things)
technologically advanced wheelchair
exercise balance beam
low impact pedal exercise machine
finger extension exerciser
what are multi use areas (MUGAS) and what is their benefit
a space to play lots of different sports > increase participation
what are 3G and 4G surfaces
astroturf synthetic pitch weave surfaces (grass and fibres)
3G: Third generation artificial synthetic grass pitches
4G: have an extra layer so you can play rugby and tackle on them
4 benefits to sport of technological developments in artificial surfaces
played on more frequently
give consistent conditions
weather proof- reduces disruptions to games.
excellent for hockey as it stops ball hitting faces
2 drawbacks to sport of technological developments in artificial surfaces
They have an unnatural bounce which is difficult for performers to judge (e.g. football)
Their rigidity can lead to injuries (e.g. joints / ligaments and tendons
5 benefits of wearing compression clothes
Optimised muscle temperature decreases risk of injury.
Decreased pain from muscle stiffness
Decreased time for muscle repair
Potential for increased venous return and oxygen delivery to working muscles.
Enhances recovery
what is the olympic legacy
making use of used olympic facilities in order to be sustainable and to increase participation
Iconic facilities: transforming place for people to play in towns and cities
example in london olympic park
lee valley velopark: lit cycle track, velodrome, mountain bike, bmx
describe how adaptable london olympic aquatics centre is
they build a building and then added temporary grandstands to accommodate more spectators, the pool can change depth and size depending on sports
advantages of technology for the sport
Optimising performance and allows marginal gains (eg heated trousers for cyclists in periods of inactivity to help with muscle temperature)
Increase participation and making sport more inclusive (adapted equipment such as carbon fibre prosthetic blades and lightweight wheelchairs
Increases the quality of surfaces sport played on (woven fibres in premiership football pitches)
also: Provide data such as GPS which help with short and long term player development
disadvantages of technology for the sport
Expensive so not all sports have access to technology or not all levels meaning discrepancies (eg goal line technology)
Paralysis by analysis – people becoming too reliant on data rather than instinct
It can have a placebo effect – it may increase confidence of performer rather than actually benefit the performer
also:
Can be misleading, some sports it is less important (power output by cyclist in last 10m sprint, distance covered in a sport requiring tactics eg cav exp
advantages of technology for the performer
Improved recovery from training (eg compression suits etc)/Improved recovery from injuries and better rehabilitation (oxygen tents) > improved performance.
Detailed scientific analysis of performance via GPS data – providing technical and physiological feedback
Increased knowledge of diet and sports supplements (carbo-loading, energy drinks)
Improved sports equipment – hit the ball further, adjust the club to hit the ball straighter
also:
Improved sleep enabling appropriate recovery and rest (footballers given sleep bands)
Advancements in drug-testing technology to fight the drug war
Improved footwear and clothing – leading to improved performance in sprinting and swimming
disadvantages of technology for the performer
Expensive and unaffordable – leading to inequalities in some sports or unfair advantages for individuals
Only individual with means or sponsorship or team money have access to the best technologies (Team Sky) so unfair advantage
Can lead to injury or the feeling of invincibility (bladed football boots, proactive padding go in for harder tackles>injury)
Lead to increased drug taking as less likely to get caught because masking agents exist
advantages of technology for the coach
Better knowledge of player and makes scouting easier/selecting team
Better analysis of opponents strengths and weaknesses
Greater analysis of team performance or individual contributions
also:
Video analysis allows assessment of players tactically, technically and physiologically
Focused training sessions on weaknesses
disadvantages of technology for the coach
Data can be hacked and used against them
Own weaknesses used against them by the opponents
Over emphasis on data/reliance on it and not on initiative in game strategy
advantages of technology for the official
Helps officials communicate with each other; Less pressure on official to make the final judgement / less post-match criticism; Timing / measurement accurate;
Ensure correct decisions are made / fair competition / less controversy / players more confident in decisions.
also:
Creates excitement in crowd waiting for decision / allows players to officially challenge decisions. ???
disadvantages of technology for the official
Officials using technology can still be wrong / technology can’t be used for everything / officials are an integral part of the sporting contest / over reliance on technology / lose respect of official’s decision being final
also:
Breaks in play can be disruptive for spectators if too long.
Specific technology used must be accurate / high level of reliability;
Changes the nature of the sport.
Cost limits use of technology at events / not consistent for all players or spectators.
advantages of technology for the spectator
More knowledgeable spectator – ref mic in rugby
It ensures the right decision is made leading to less frustration at poor decisions > decreased violence
Increased accuracy of timing and distances are quickly communicated to the audience (big screens on TV)/Quality home viewing experience
also:
Excitement from watching top level performers as a result of technological advancements (6s in cricket).
Statistics available on the internet for improved viewer knowledge and interest.
Increased excitement and involvement due to Hawkeye or 3rd official work.
disadvantages of technology for the spectator
Breaks in play disrupt the viewing experience, possible over use in matches, significantly slowing the game down
A loss of respect for the official as the ‘final decision maker’
Costs limit the use to some events, resulting in inconsistencies (Goal line technology)
violence
Does modern tv give same spectator experience as attending the event? arguments for
Enhanced sound and picture quality improves the experience (HD)
Technology allows individualised experiences through live screenings, player cam, Hawkeye and ref link
Does modern tv give same spectator experience as attending the event? arguments against
The audience does not get an all-encompassing view
The experience lacks ‘real’ atmosphere
Less sense of being part of the spectacle or playing a role in the contest
The audience is unlikely to interact with opposition spectators
