vaccinations

Question 1

what is passive immunity

Answer 1

produced by introduction of antibodies into individuals fro man outside source such as mother no direct contact with the pathogen is needed once they are broken down they are not replaced so dont form memory cells

Question 2

what is active immunity

Answer 2

produced by stimulating body immune system to produce antibodies direct contact with the pathogen is required

Question 3

what is natural immunity

Answer 3

being infected by a pathogen creating an immune response which produce antibodies

Question 4

what is artificial active immunity

Answer 4

forms the basis of vaccination it involves inducing person with weakened or inactive pathogen to induce an immune response and produce antibodies

Question 5

what is a vaccination

Answer 5

the introduction of an appropriate disease causing antigen into the body to induce an immune response

Question 6

why are vaccines useful

Answer 6

the respons eis only slight because only a small amount of pathogen is used however memory cells are being produced so if the body was infected in the future the moeomory cells will be able to divide and produce antibodies and infection is overcome before harm is caused

Question 7

what is the features of a succesful vaccination programme

Answer 7

it must be economical available to vaccine a large majority of the population
there must be means to transport and store the vaccine eg in a fridge
there must be specialist and trained people to administer the vaccines
htere must be few side effects
there must be ability to achieve herd immunity

Question 8

what is herd immunity

Answer 8

when a sufficient amount of population is immuned to a disease to make it difficult for the pathogen to spread between people thus as many a large majority of people are vaccinated it is very unlikely that an unvaccinated person will come into contact with an infected person

Question 9

why may vaccination not eliminate a disease

Answer 9

it may fail to induce immunity
may be varieitis of the pathogen it is impossible to develop a vaccine which is effective against them all
certain pathogens hide from inside cells so cannot be targeted
some pathogens mutate regularly so that the new antigens on the pathogen are no longer recognized by the memory cells so the immune system cannot produce antibodies which destroy the pathogens