UWorld_4.5 Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiac consequences of chronic arteriovenous fistula

A
  • acutely: decreased TPR ==> increased CO and increased venous return
  • over time ==> increased sympathetic nervous system ==> increased cardiac contractility, vascular tone, and circulating blood volume
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2
Q

Characteristics of Paget Disease of the Bone

A
  • problem w/overactive osteoclasts
  • osteoclasts originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells
  • RANK-L and M-CSF play an important role in osteoclast differention
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3
Q

Presentation of HepB

A
  • “serum-like sickness”
  • malaise, fever, skin rash, pruritis, lymphadenopathy and joint pain
  • anorexia, nausea, jaundice and RUQ pain may ensue
  • ALT > AST + bilirubin, alk phos
  • vs. Hep C = mild, usually asymptomatic
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4
Q

Phenoxybenzamine: MOA

A
  • irreversible alpha 1 & 2 antagonist
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5
Q

Listeria characteristics + immune defense

A
  • gram + rods
  • tumbling motility @ 22C, can be cultured @ as low as 4C
  • narrow zone of beta-hemolysis
  • intact cell-mediated immunity is essential for elimination
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6
Q

Cells of origin of SCC

A
  • neuroendocrine origin
  • markers
    • neuron-specific enolase
    • chromogranin
    • synaptophysin
    • neurofilaments
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7
Q

Neurblast tumor in children

A
  • non-rhythmic conjugate eye movements + myoclonus
  • arises from adrenal medulla
  • increased n-myc copies
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8
Q

Characteristics of medullary carcinoma of thyroid

A
  • extracellular deposits of amyloid <== formed by calcitonin secreted by parafollicular c-cells
    • amyloid stains with congo red
    • nests of uniform/spindle or polygonal cells
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9
Q

Migratory thrombophlebitis association

A

cancer (hypercoag is common paraneoplastic)

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10
Q

Extended consumption of appetite suppressants ==>

A

pulmonary HTN, cor pulmonale, RVH

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11
Q

Nitroprusside toxicity + antidote

A
  • nitroprusside ==> cyanide ==> thiocyanate by liver rhodanase
  • sodium thiosulfate = antidote for cyanide toxicity
    • donates sulfar to help liver rhodanase
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12
Q

Drug that can induce prinzmetal angina

A
  • Ergonovine ==> vasoconstriction via alpha-adrenergic and serotonergic mechanisms
  • can be used to dx prinzmetal
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13
Q

Important tx guideline for hospital tx of alcoholics

A

No glucose without thiamine in thiamine-deficient patients

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14
Q

Characteristics of syndenham’s chorea

A
  • possible sequelae from rheumatic fever
  • restless and purposeless jerking movement a few months after sore throat
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15
Q

Cause of increased risk for gallstones in Crohn’s patient

A
  • decreased bile reabsorption ==> increased loss in feces
  • ==> increased lithogenicity of bile
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16
Q

Most common elbow injury in children

A
  • radial head subluxation ==> annular ligament injury
  • commonly in younger children (<5)
  • little distress unless moving elbow
  • hold arm close, extended with pronation
17
Q

MG antibodies =

MS antibodies =

A
  • MG = anti-ACh receptor
  • MS = anti-presynp Ca channel
    • assoc. with Lambert-Eaton paraneoplastic syndrome
18
Q

Gastric ulcer vs. erosion

A
  • ulcer extends through muscularis mucosa and erosion does not
19
Q

Myoclonus vs. Dystonia

A
  • myoclonus = sudden, brief shock-like contraction
  • dystonia = prolonged muscle contraction
20
Q

facial pain + H/A + black necrotic eschar @ pt. w/diabetic ketoacidosis ==> dx?

A
  • mucormycosis
    • rhizopus
    • mucor
    • absidia
  • dx via biopsy
    • broad, nonseptate hyphae w/right angle branching
21
Q

Median n. course

A

between humeral and ulnar head of pronator teres ==> between flexor digitorum superficial and flexor digitorum profundus =+> carparl tunnel

22
Q

Bell’s palsy =

A
  • CN VII palsy
  • facial m. paralysis
  • decreased lacrimation
  • decreased taste from ant. 2/3
23
Q

Increasing/decreased LVO obstruction murmur intensity

A
  • decreased preload ==> decreased EDV ==> increased intesity
  • increased preload/afterload ==> increased EDV ==> decreased intensity
24
Q

Type I vs. Type II Famililal hypercholsterol

A
  • Type I = chylomicrons
    • LP lipase is low
    • elevated TGs
    • increased risk for acute pancreatitis
    • skin lesions
  • Type II = LDL receptor/apoB100
    • tendon xanthomas
    • xanesthesas (e/g/ on eyelids)
    • early CAD
25
Possible CSF complication in meningeal disease
destruction of arachnoid granulations ==\> communicating hydrocephalus
26
viruses with segmented genomes
orthomyxoviruses influenza rota virus
27
Possible neuro consequences of measles
* encephalitis (days) * acute dissemenated enchephalomyelitis (weeks) * subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (years)
28
Lipoic acid is a cofactor for...
* pyruvate DH (deficiency ==\> lactic acidosis) * alpha-ketoglutarate DH * branched-chain ketoacid DH (deficiency ==\> MSUD)
29
Valvular defect association w/inherited HCM
mitral valve has systolic anterior motion ==\> comes close to IV septum
30
most common location of anal fissure
posterior midline distal to dentate line
31
menigococcal vaccine composition
capsular protiens
32
glycogen accumulation in lysosomal vacuoles ==\> dx?
alpha-glucosidase deficiency
33
Hemophilia A labs
prolonged PTT, normal bleeding time
34
Precursor of Nitric Oxide
arginine
35
Most common lung cancer in gen pop
adenocarcinoma (common @ women, nonsmokers)
36
thiamine is a cofactor for...
alpha-ketoglutarate DH
37
Molecules that use JAK/STAT pathways
* colony-stimulating factors * prolactin * growth hormone * IL-2/cytokines
38
Histo findings in contact dermatitis
spongiosis