UWorld_4.1 Flashcards
Pulmonary consequences of LHF
- ==> fluid accumulation in lungs ==> decreased compliance
Serum marker of malignant ovarian tumors
- CA-125
b-hCG is elevated in …
- hydatiform mole
- choriocarcinoma
- gestational trophoblastic tumors
Primary polydipsia vs. DI
- @ water deprivation
- DI ==> 300-500 urine osm
- neurogenic ==> >50% increase w/DDVAP
- nephrogenic ==> <50% increase w/DDVAP
- primary polydipsia ==> >500 urine osm
- <10% increase w/DDVAP
- DI ==> 300-500 urine osm
Tx of idiopathic pulmonary HTN
Bosentan = endothelin antagonist ==> vasodilation @ pulm. artery
Gut ulcer location that is least likely to be assoc. with cancer
duodenal
Cells & cytokines involved in granuloma formation (e.g. @ TB)
- macrophages ==> IL-12 & TNF-alpha
- IL-12 ==> TH1 formation ==> INF-gamma
Sotalol: MOA, SE
- MOA
- K+ channel blocker
- mild B-blocker effects
- Class 3 anti-arrhythmic
- amiodarone
- ibutilide
- dofetilide
- SE
- mild bradychardia
- prolonged QT interval
Gout crystal composition/description
- monosodium urate crystals
- needle shaped/long
- negatively birefringent under polarized light
Pseudogout crystals
- calcium pyrophasphate
First-line drug for benign essential tremor + SE
- Primidone ==> active metabolites = phenobarbitol (+ phenylethylmalonimide) ==> anticonvulsant effects
- must monitor levels ==> AMS, sedations
Ezyme decreased & Enzyme elevated in L-N syndrome
- X-linked deficiency in HGPRT = part of purine salvage pathway
- ==> increased de novo purine synth ==> increased PRPP amidotransferase
CFTR channel type
ATP-activate chloride channel
Fructose metabolism in essential fructosuria
- AR; generally asymptomatic; deficiency in fructokinase
- ==> elevated fructose in urine
- Fructose can enter glycolysis by fructose ==> fructose-1-P conversion by hexokinase
Lactose characteristics and normal breakdown
- Lactose = disacc = galatactose + glucose
- broken down by lactase (=type of B-galactosidase enzyme) @ brush border epithelial cells ==> galactose & glucose
Characteristics of secondary lactase deficiency
- deficiency in lactase (B-galactosidase) due to recent gastroenteritis ==> destruction of epthelial cells
- ==> GI distention, flatulence, diarrhea with lactose consumption
Swelling of one arm and one side of face ==> dx?
- obstruction of brachiocephalic vein = drainage of lymph and subclavian
- like SVC blockage, except unilateral
Most common cause of hypothyroid + histo appearance
- Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
- mononuclear parencymal infilatrate w/well-developed germinal centers
Hyperthyroid sx that does not improve w/beta blockers
exopthalmos = due to fibroblast proliferation and ground substance production
Drug that ==> vasodilation + blocks platelet agg. used in PAD
Cilosotazol
Signs of reversible injury in cardiac myocytes
- myofibril relaxation
- disaggregation of polysomes (rRNA from mRNA)
- dissaggregation of fibrillar and granular elements of nucleus
- & chromatin clumping
- glycogen loss
Signs of irreversible cell injury in cardiac myocytes
- mitchondrial vacuolization (mitochondrial membrane damage)
- plasma membrane damage
- lysosomal membrane damage
- nuclear condensation, fragmentation
Common markers of chronic alcohol consumption
- macrocytosis (elevated MCV)
- AST: ALT > 2
- elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)
Drug to prevent vertical transmission of HIV
- zidovudine = reverse transcriptase inhibitor (AZT)
Isoniazid: MOA, resistance
- inhibits mycolic acid formation
- must be processed by mycobacterial catalse-peroxidase to become active
- resistance:
- change mycolic acid structure/isoniazid binding site
- decreased activity of catalase-peroxidase
Congenital Toxoplasmosis infection presentation
- hydrocephalus
- intracranial calcifications
- chorioretinitis
