Rx_Random Set #1 Flashcards
What structure causes pathogenicty of gram - bacteria?
- structures @ outer membrane
- endotoxin
- activate compliment, coag cascade, macrophages
- LPS capsule
- endotoxin
Name structures & fxns
- Gram negative bacteria structure
- A = outer membrane
- endotoxin ==> pathogenecity
- LPS
- B = periplasmic space
- C = inner cytoplasmic membrane
- contains penicilin-beingin proteins
- D = porins ==> endocytosis ==> inflammation
- E = peptidoglycan (target of penicillins & cephalosporins)
Major pathologic findings in Parkinson’s
- neurons w/round, haloed, eosinophillic inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm = “lewy bodies”
- made of alpha-synuclein
- depigmentation & degeneration of substantia nigra
Open angle vs. closed angle glaucoma
Epinephrine use in glaucoma
- agonist @ alpha1 receptor ==> mydriasis (pupilarry dilation)
- no effect on ciliary muscles
- decreases aqueous humor production ==>
- used to tx open-angle
- NOT used in closed-angle
Diffuse breast pain, multiple bilateral masses @ upper outer quadrants of breast ==> Dx?
- fibrocystic disease
Histologic changes in fibrocystic disease
- fibrosis
- cysts
- sclerosis
- epithelial hyperplasia
TGF-beta role in inflammation
- dampens inflammatory response
Interferon-gamma source/fxn
- source = T lymphocytes
- fxn = stimulate macrophages
Complications of inguinal surgery
- male infertility in the future
- inguinal repair ==> accidental ligation of vas deferens or obstruction via scar tissue ==> impaired sperm transport
MLF lesion consequences
- Paralysis of the SAME side medial rectus muscle during OPPOSITE side gaze
- e.g. R MLF lesion ==> paralysis of R medial rectus during leftward gaze (+ left nystagmus)
Amiodarone toxicity sx
- hyperthyroidism
- weight loss
- hyperreflexia
- chest palpitiations
Common causes of disseminated intravascular coagulation
- gram-negative sepsis
- malignancy
- acute pancreatitis
- transfusion rxns
- obstetric complications
Mechanism of disseminated intravascular coagulation
- massive activation of coagulation cascade ==>
- thrombus formartion throughout vasculature ==>
- rapid consumption of platelets and coag factors ==> easy bleeding and bruising
Tx for carcinoid tumor
octreotide = somatostatin analog
5-HIAA in urine ==> Dx?
- carcinoid tumor
- 5-HIAA = metabolic product of serotonin
Complications of carcinoid tumors
- R-sided heart disease
- tricuspid regurgitation
- pulmonic stenosis
- wheezing
- recurrent diarrhea
- flushing
Tricuspid regurgitation murmur
- holosystolic
- high-pitched
- radiate to right sternal border
child/teen w/ recurrent pneumonia + bronchiectasis + low weight + intermittent diarrhea ==> Dx?
Cystic fibrosis
Common cause of pneumonia in CF + tx
- pseudomonas
- tx = gentamicin
Conversion disorder =
- mimics dysfxn of voluntary motor or sensory system
- presentation:
- pseudo-seizure
- blindness
- deafness
- paresthesias
- paralyses
Dxn of Vit K
- cofactor for gamme-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues on clotting factors
Vit K-dependent clotting factors
- II
- VII
- IX
- X
- Protein C & Protein S
