Rx_Random Set #6 Flashcards
Examples of live attenuated vaccines
- MMR
- Sabin polio
- intranasal influenza
- varicella
- yellow fever
Examples of inactivated vaccines
- Rabies
- injected Influenza
- Salk Polio
- HAV (Hep A)
Cremaster muscle innervation & muscular derivation
- innervation: genitofemoral n.
- m. derivation: internal abdominal oblique
Presentation/mechanism of meckel’s diverticulum
- meckel’s diverticulum = persistence of vitelline duct (omphalomesenteric duct)
- ==> small bulge in small intestine
- can ==> GI bleed, obstruction, volvulus, intussusception
- “rule of 2’s”
- present in 2% of population; 2% are symptomatic
- 2:1 male to female prevalence
- 2 ft. from ileocecal valve
- 2 inches in length
- general presentation
- often asymptomatic
- can present w/rectal bleeding or intestinal obstruction
Cells that secrete IL-2 + important cell marker
- T-lymphocytes secrete IL-2 ==> B cell maturation/differentiation
- T-cells secretion mediated by CD3 receptor
andrenergic receptor type @ bronchi
Beta2
Types of malaria infections + causative organism
- Plasmodium = protozoa that infect humans; transmitted by female Anopheles mosquito
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Africa
- cerebral malaria
- P. knowlesi
- primarily macaques
- humans in SE Asia
- P. ovale
- 48 hour cyclic fever
- form hypnozoites ==> dormant
- no cerebral
- P. vivax
- 48 hour cyclic fever
- form hypnozoites
- no cerebral
- P. malariae
- 72 hour cyclic fever
- no cerebral
Leading cause of cancer death + histologic findings
- lung cancer (both genders)
- adenocarcinoma
- gladular differentiation or mucin production (most common)
- possible bronchoalveolar spread
child w/high fever, drooling, difficulty breathing, inspiratory distress ==> dx? + findings + most common etiology/organism type
- Dx: epiglottitis
- Xray = thumbprint sign, aryepiglottic folds
- most common: H. influenzae
- gram-negative coccobacilli
Characteristics/presentation of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
- gastrin overproduction ==> gastric hypersecretion and peptic ulcers @ distal duodenum and jejunum
- negative H. pylori
Croup vs. Epiglottitis
Thymoma paraneoplastic syndrome association
- predominantly autoimmune/endocrine
- MG
- pure RBC aplasia
- hypogammaglobulinemia
Characteristics of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
- X-linked
- enzyme deficiency in hexose monophosphate shunt pathway
- protects RBCs from oxidative damage
- setting of oxidative drugs (sulfa-containing, antimalarials), fava beans, or infection ==>
- hemoglobin precipitation = small round inclusion in RBC = “Heinz body”
- ==> hemolysis ==> increased indirect bilirubin
Niacin MOA + adverse effects
- MOA: reduced hepatic TG synthesis and VLDL secretion + significant increase in HDL cholesterol
- SE:
- flushing
- myopathy
DM drug ==> endogenous insulin release (& MOA + Adverse rxn)
- sulfonylurea drugs, e.g. Tolbutamide
- MOA: close K channels @ pancreatic beta cells ==> cell depolarization ==> calcium influx ==> insulin release
- SE:
- disulfiram-like rxn: flushing, tachycardia, naseau, hyperventilation
Findings in Patau’s syndrome
- Patau’s = trisomy 13
- microcephaly
- micropthalmia
- polydactyly
- hypotonia/CNS defects
- congenital heart disease
Purpose of direct coombs’ vs. indirect coombs’
- direct = detects antibodies attached to patient’s RBCs
- indirect = detects antibodies circulating in patient’s serum
Gemfibrozil MOA
- gemfibrozil = fibric acid derivative
- increases activity of lipoprotein lipase by acting on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha protein
- ==> large decrease in triglycerides, small reduction in LDL cholesterol, small increase in HDL cholesterol
Griseofulvin: MOA
- antifungal agent
- binds to alpha/beta-tubulin dimers during M phase of cell cylce
- tubulin dimers = major structure along which kinetochore-attached kinesin motors carry sister chromatids
Common causes of antepartum (late-term) hemorrhage
- antepartum hemorrhage = significant vaginal bleeding after 20 weeks gestation not related to labor and delivery
- placenta previa
- abruptio placentae
Factors ==> right shift in hemoglobin curve
- right shift = decreased oxygen affinity ==> more unloading at tissue
- e.g during exercise
- increase temp
- decreased pH
- increased CO2
- increased 2,3 - diphosphoglycerate levels
- decreased fetal hemoglobin/increased adult hemoglobin
Factors ==> left shift in hemoglobin curve
- left shift = increased affinity for oxygen
- increased fetal hemoglobin/decreased adult hemoglobin
- increased pH (“decreased H+)
- decreased 2,3 - diphosphoglyerate
- decreased temperature
- decreased carbon dioxide
- carbon monoxide exposure ==> increased carboxyhemoglobin levels
Weak handshake + difficulty spreading fingers + inability to extend digits 4 and 5 ==> Dx?
- “Handbar palsy” = ulnar neuropathy
- hook of hamate compresses ulnar nerve
- results from extended amounts of time w/wrist extended
Tacrolimus: MOA
- immunosuppressant
- MOA: complexes w/FK-binding protein 12 ==> inhibition of clacineurin ==> inhibition of T-lymphocyte signaling
