UWorld_3.4 Flashcards
1
Q
IF/EM microscopy in Berger’s disease
A
- Berger = IgA nephropathy
- ==> IgA deposits @ mesangium on IF
- electron dense material on EM
2
Q
Berger’s + extra-renal sx ==> dx?
A
- Henoch-Schonlein disease
- skin = purpuric lesions on extensor surfaces of arms, legs, buttocks
- GI = abdominal pain, N/V, intestinal bleeding and intussusception
- rena = IgA nephropathy
3
Q
Psych terms:
Acting out =
Isolation =
Undoing =
A
- acting out = immature defense mechanism; e.g. throwing temper tantrum
- isolation = separation of idea and its accompanying emotions (e.g. w/very stressful/strong emotional situations)
- veteran describing war atrocities in frank, non-emotional terms
- undoing = symbolically nullifying an unacceptable or guilt-provoking though, idea or feeling by confession or atonement
4
Q
Pathophysiology of hemochromatosis
A
- Hemochromatosis gene (HFE) on chromosome 6 mutation ==> increased iron absorption @ GI tract
- most common mutation = cyst => tyr missense mutation @ aa 282
- one of most common inherited diseases; caucasians/N. european descent
- ==> elevated ferritin and liver cirrhosis
5
Q
Proteins that can be detected via Southwestern blot
A
- proteins that bind DNA: trxn factors, nucleases, histones
- trxn factors
- c-Jun
- c-Fos
6
Q
Ras =
A
- proto-oncogene
- codes for membrane-bound G-protein
- Ras ==> MAP kinase pathway ==> increased trxn
7
Q
S-100 =
A
- homodimeric calcium-binding proteins
- important in protein phosphorylation and cell growth/differentiation
- marker for cells of neural crest derivation
- melanocytes
- schwann cells
- marker for Langerhan;s cells and other dendritic cells
8
Q
Increased VMA excretion + adrenal mass ==> dx?
A
- pheochromocytoma
- arise @ adrenal medulla ==> paroxysmal secretion of catecholamines
- ==> intermittent H/A, palpitations, diaphoresis, HTN
9
Q
Characteristics of MEN syndromes
A
- MEN = multiple endocrine neoplasms
- MEN 1 (AD) = tumors of parathyroid, pancreas, and pituitary
- MEN 2A (AR) = medullary carcinoma of thyroid, pheochromocytoma, parathyroid tumor
- MEN 2B (AR) = medullary carcinoma of thyroid, pheochromocytoma, mucosal neuromas
- MEN 2A/2B <== RET (proto-oncogene) mutation
- ==> MEN b/c organs are all derived from neural crest cells
- NCS ==> 4 pharyngeal pouches + adrenal medulla
- ph pouch 4 ==> parafollicular cells of thyroid ==> med. carcinoma of thyroid
- NSCs ==> mesothelium of adrenal (adrenal medulla) ==> pheo
10
Q
Thyroid cancers (basic)
A
- parafollicular thyroid cells ==> medullary carcinoma of thyroid
- follicular thyroid cells ==>
- papillary thyroid cancer
- follicular thyroid cancer
11
Q
muscle/nerve important in eye adduction
A
- medial rectus m.
- CN III
12
Q
CN III course in brain
A
- oculmotor nucleus of midbrain
- emerges anterior to midbrain ==> orbit via superior orbital fissure
13
Q
Nerves that mediate corneal reflex
A
- sensory = nasociliary branch of first division of trigeminal n. (CN V1)
- enters orbit @ superior orbital fissure
- motor = temporal branch of facial n. (CN VII)
14
Q
Structures entering orbit via superior orbital fissure
A
- oculomotor nerve (CN III)
- nasociliary branch of CN V1
- trochlear nerve (CN IV)
- abducens nerve (CN VI)
- superior opthalmic vein
15
Q
Two major types of immunization + mechanism of protection
A
- immunize w/bacterial antigen (e.g. capsule-like proteins of S. pneumo)
- ==> circulating antibodies that activate complement and induce phagocytosis of bacteria
- immunize w/toxoid (e.g. tetanus, diptheria)
- ==> circulating antibodies that neutralize bacterial products
- these antibodies do not destroy the bacteria itself as the disease is caused by toxins, not by circulating organisms
