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USMLE Step 1 > UWorld_3.17 > Flashcards

UWorld_3.17 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Blood testing in suscipicion of celiacs

A
  • blood test for:
    • IgA anti-endomysial
    • Iga anti-tissue transglutaminase
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2
Q

Transmural inflammation of arteries w/fibrinoid necrosis ==> dx?

A
  • polyarteritis nodosa
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3
Q

Characteristics of polyarteritis nodosa

A
  • segmental, fibrinoid necrosis of small-med arteries
  • Sx
    • fever
    • abdominal pain
    • peripheral neuropathy
    • weakness
    • weight loss
  • assoc. w/hep B in 10-30% of cases
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4
Q

Most common point of occurence of intusseception

A

ileocecal jxn

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5
Q

Characteristics of a transaminase reaction

A
  • reaction between amino acid and an alpha-keto acid
    • e.g. glutamate & oxaloacetate
  • often occur to allow amino acids to enter TCA cycle/Urea cycle
  • Vit B6 (Pyroxidine) = cofactor for transaminase and decarboxilation reactions
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6
Q

TH1 cytokines (+ purpose) =

TH2 cytokines (+ purpose) =

A
  1. interferon-gamma, IL-2 ==> activate macs & attract CD8+ t cells
  2. TH2 ==> stimulate B cells [adaptive immunity]
    1. IL4 + IL13 ==> IgE from B cells
    2. IL5 ==> IgA + eosinophil
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7
Q

“Red neurons” on histo section of brain

A
  • ischemia/infaction within the past 12-24 hrs
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8
Q

Characteristics of lynch syndrome

A
  • hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer
  • due to defect in mismatch repair
  • AD
  • due to mutations @
    • MSH2 ==> MutS
    • MLH1 ==> MutL
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9
Q

a. that runs with the radial n.

A

deep brachial

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10
Q

anatomic structure that runs through the hepatoduodenal ligament

A
  • portal triad = hepatic artery, portal vein, common bile duct
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11
Q

Mechanism of relaxation of cardiac muscle

A
  • calcium efflux preceeds relaxation
  • accomplished via:
    • Ca2+ ATP pump
    • Na/Ca exchanger
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12
Q

Most common cause of bronchiolitis + tx

A
  • RSV
  • 1st line = O2 or IV fluids
  • in @ risk for progression, can give ribavirin:
    • nucleoside analog
    • active against RSV and hep C
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13
Q

K+ in DKA

A
  • total body decrease in K+
  • decreased intracell stores of K+
  • normal to increased serum K+
    • K+ drawn out in exchange for H+; low insulin levels
    • increased if hypovolemic
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14
Q

HCV vs. HBV most common transmission

A
  • HCV
    • most common = blood transfusion or IV drug use
    • possible, but less common = sexual transmission
  • HBV
    • blood contact (transfusion, needle stick, IV drug use) OR unprotected sex
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15
Q

Strep infections that lead post-strep syndromes

A
  • Impetigo (step skin infect) OR strep pharyngitis ==> APSGN
  • ONLY strep pharyngitis ==> rheumatic fever
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16
Q

Common cause of fluid filled cavity in liver + fever chills

A
  • dx = hepatic abcess
  • underdeveloped countries ==> parasitic infection (entamaeba histolytica)
  • developed countries ==> bacterial infection
    • biliary tract infection (asc. cholangitis)
    • portal vein pyremia (bowel or peritoneal sources e.g. appecitis, peritonitis, enteric pathogens)
    • hepatic artery (hemat spread from distant site)
    • penetrating injury or trauma
17
Q

ST elevation @ V1-V3 ==> dx?

A

occlusion at left anterior descending coronary artery

18
Q

Riboflavin biochemical role

A
  • Riboflavin + Pi ==> FMN = coenzyme
  • FMN + Pi ==> FAD (i.e. FAD+) ==> oxidation/reduction reaction
    • e.g. @ TCA cycle: succinate + FAD+ ==> fumarate + FADH2
19
Q

Palpaple, nontender gallbladder + jaundice ==> dx?

A
  • palpable, nontender gall = “Courvosier’s sign”
  • dx = adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas obstructing CBD
20
Q

Presentation and risks for adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas

A
  • ==> courvosiers sign (palpable, distended, nontender gallbladder) + anorexia + obstructive jaundice
    • obstructive jaundice = jaundice + dark urine + pale stools
  • risks
    • age > 50
    • smoking
    • DM
    • chronic pancretitis
    • genetic predisposition: HNP, FAP, MEN
21
Q

Ondansetron: MOA, use

A
  • MOA
    • central = 5HT3 inhibitor @ chemoreceptor trigger zone (medulla) & solitary nuceus
    • periphery = inhibit vagus-mediated nausea
  • use: post-chemo anti-nausea
22
Q

5HT3-inhibitors

A
  • ondansetron
  • granesetron
  • dolasetron
23
Q

Rapid and complete relief in RA [short-term]

A

glucocorticoids, e.g. prednisone

24
Q

Methotrexate: MOA, use

A
  • MOA: antimetabolite, antifolate
  • use: RA, other autoimmune
25
Q

Auer Rods ==> dx?

A
  • AML (/PML)
26
Q

Nevirapine: MOA, similar drugs

A
  • NNRTI
  • inhibits reverse transcription, doesn’t need phosphorylation to be active
  • other drugs
    • efavirenz
    • delaviridine
27
Q

Canagiflozin: MOA, use, SE

A
  • MOA
    • oral anti-diabetic
    • = SGLT2 inhibitor ==> decreased reabsorption of glucose @ proximal renal tubule
    • ==> urinary glucose loss
  • SE
    • renal effects <== monitor Creatinine and BUN
28
Q

Lithium toxicity antidote

A

hydrocholorthiazide ==> trapping in urine

29
Q

Cause of decreased gene transcription in Huntington’s

A
  • CAG repeats ==> gain of fxn ==> pathologic interactions w/trxn factors
  • abnormal huntingtin ==> histone deacetylation ==> repressed trxn ==> decreased production of neurotrophic factors ==> impaired neuron survival
30
Q

Causes of polyhydramnios

A
  • decreased fetal swallowing
    • intestinal atresia/obstruction
    • anencephaly
  • increased urine production
    • twin-twin transfusion
    • high CO due to anemia
31
Q

Enhancer and inhibitor of morphine/opoid tolerance

A
  • mechanism = ~ phosphorylation of receptors, increased cAMP
  • glutamate ==> increased NMDA receptor activity ==> potentiation of tolerance
  • ketamine ==I tolerance
32
Q

RANK receptor fxn

A
  • ==> formation and differentiation of osteoclasts ==> increased bone resorption
  • ligands for RANK receptor =
    • RANK ligand <== osteoblast-produced
    • MSC <== osteoblast produced
  • bone formation regulated by RANK/OPG (osteoprotegerin) balance
    • OPG also produced by osteoblasts
33
Q

Location of PTH receptors in bone marrow

A

osteoblasts

34
Q

Ras protein type & association

A
  • part of MAP kinase pathway ==> cell growth and differentiation
  • G protein; activated by GTP

USMLE Step 1 (97 decks)

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