UWorld_1.26 Flashcards
Consequences of renal artery stenosis/decrease of blood flow through renal artery
- decreased blood flow ==> decreased BP sensed @ JG apparatus
- JG apparatus = macula densa cells (sense flow/salt contect) communicate to JG cells (renin-producing cells)
- low flow ==> increased renin production ==> increased angiotensin II production ==> aldosterone production (salt retention) + systemic vasoconstriction
- long term renal artery stenosi ==> hyperplasia of JG cells AND/OR hypertension
Northern blot use
- assessment of gene expression
- looks for presence of mRNA
Southern blot use
- assesment for presence of DNA fragments
Western blot use
- detection of proteins in a sample
Southwestern blot use
- detection of DNA-bound proteins
Blot technique
- samples (depending on type of test) loaded into wells and separated by size and charge using electrophoresis
- resultant bands transferred to nitrocellulose membrane
- bands incubated with labeled DNA fragment, mRNA fragment or antibody to protein of interest
“Length constant” definition in context of nerve conduction
- length along nerve axon that the impulse has to/can travel
- myelination increases the length constant
Cellular location of heme biosynthesis
mitochondria
Do erythrocytes have the ability to synthesize heme?
- Erythrocytes lose ability to make heme when they lose their mitochondrisa
Positive HBsAg =
Positive HBeAg =
- Positive HBsAg = present after innoculation; detectable during entire symptomatic phase of Hep B
- Positive HBeAg = indicates active viral replication
Positive Anti-HBsAg
- indicates previous vaccination or clearance of HBsAg
- positive Anti-HBsAg + positive Anti-HBcAg IgG indicates previous infection
Positive Anti-HBcAg IgM =
Positive Anti-HBcAg IgG =
- IgM = acute illness
- IgG = previous infection
Embryonic precursor to female reproductive structures
- paramesonephric ducts fuse to form uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper 1/3 of the vagina
- failure of fusion of ducts ==> bicornate uterus or uterus didelphys
Pica presentation
- ingestion of abnormal substances due to iron deficiency anemia
- commonly occurs during pregnancy
- ice is commonly consumed
Para-aminohippuric acid concentrations @ kidney tubules
- some filtered at Bowman’s capsule
- majority of PAH secreted into proximal tubule
- not reabsorbed at any portion of the tubule
- lowest concentration @ Bowman’s capsule
Molecular characteristics of S. pyogenes + common infections
- gram +, cocci in chains
- catalase -
- beta-hemolytic (clear hemolysis)
- pyr-positive
- common infections
- pharyngitis
- necrotizing fascitis
Types of shistosoma species + syndromes
- schistoma = due to consumption of water contaminated w/snails
- S. haematobium
- common in Africa, middle east
- ==> urinary schistomiasis
- S. mansoni
- common in Africa, middle east, South America
- ==> intestinal schistosomiasis
- S. japonicum
- common in asia, phillipines
- ==> hepatic schistosomiasis
Common molecular deficit in neurodegeneritive disorders
disorder of ubiquitination pathway ==> protein accumulation ==> alzheimer’s and parkinson’s
Common procedure to prevent emboli from DVT
IVC filter placement
