Urinary and Reproductive Systems Flashcards
Where are the kidneys?
bean-shaped organs on either side of the spine
- below the rips
What is the function of the kidneys?
- removes waste from the blood
- produces urine
- helps to maintain homeostasis
What are nephrons?
functional unit of the kidney
What are ureters?
long pair of tubes that carry urine from kidney to bladder
What is peristalsis?
wavelike contractions to the bladder to move urine
What is the urinary bladder and its function?
small sac located in pelvic cavity
- stores urine
What is the urethra and its function?
tube carrying urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
- urination
Which gender has the shorter urethra?
females
Which organ connects the epididymis to the erethra?
vas deferens
What is the normal output range for urine?
800 to 2000 milliliters per day
When does the bladder tell you to pee?
at around 150 mL
What is urea?
main waste product excreted (breakdown of proteins)
What is the purpose of urine?
maintains pH for the body
What is acute kidney (renal) failure?
small loss of kidney function
- reversible
What is acute renal failure caused by?
poisons or alcohol abuse
What is chronic kidney/renal failure?
kidneys slowly lose ability to function
- not reversible
What is chronic kidney/renal failure caused by?
hypertension
What is incontinence?
inability to control urination
What is cystitis?
bladder inflammation or infection
What is urethritis?
blasser inflammation or infection
What is urinary tract infection? (UTI)
infection in any part of the urinary system
What is pyelonephritis?
UTI that extends up to the kidneys
What is renal calculi?
kidney stones
What are other names for kidney stones?
- renal calculi
- urolithiasis
- nephrolithiasis
What is glomerulonephritis?
inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney
- can lead to failure
What is polysystic kidney disease?
cysts develop in the kidneys which lead to failure
What is the most abundant male sex hormone?
testosterone
Where are the testes? What is their function?
located inside scrotum
- makes sperm and testosterone
What is the scrotum and its function?
pouch of skin that houses the testes
What is the function of the penis?
moves semen and urine out of the body
What is the epidymis and its function?
coiled tube where sperm cells mature
What is the vas deferens and its function?
connects epididymis to urethra
- carries sperm cells to urethra
What are the seminal vesicles?
sac-like organs that secrete seminal fluid
Where is the prostate gland?
Located just below the bladder
- surrounds top part of urethra
What is the function of the prostate gland?
- contracts during ejaculation to move sperm forward
- secretes fluid that protects sperm within the vagina
What is benign prostatic hypertrophy?
nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland
What is epididymitis?
inflammation of the epididymis
What is impotence or erectile dysfunction?
erection can’t be achieved or maintained
What is hydrocele?
swelling in the scrotum that occurs when fluid collects surrounding a testicle
What is prostate cancer?
most common form of cancer in men over 40
What is prostatitis?
inflammation of the prostate gland
- acute or chronic
What is testicular cancer?
malignant growth in one or both testicles
- aggressive malignancy
What are ovaries? What is their function?
pair of oval-shaped organs that produce ova, estrogen, and progesterone
What are the fallopian tubes and their functions?
pair of tubes where eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus
What is the uterus?
part that receives fertilized egg
What happens to the uterus when you’re not pregnant?
uterine lining sloughs off and causes menstruation
What are the female hormones?
- estrogen
- progesterone
- estradiol
What is the vagina?
connects uterus to the outside of the body
What is the vulva?
external portion of the vagina
What is the labia majora?
folds of skin that protect external female genitalia
What is the labia minora?
folds of skin within labia majora
- forms hood over clitoris
Where is the clitoris?
anterior of the urethra
What are the mammary glands? What is the function?
- nipple + areola + alveolar glands
- secretes milk
What is endometriosis?
tissues of uterine lining grow outside of the uterus
What is the fibrocystic breast disease?
abnormal cystic tissue in the breast
What are fibroids?
benign tumors in the uterine wall
What is ovarian cancer?
detection difficult due to lack of symptoms spreading before detection
- poor survival rate
What is breast cancer?
second leading cause of cancer deaths in women
What is cervical cancer?
slow to develop
- pap smear detects abnormal cervical cells
What is manorrhagia?
heavy menstrual flow
What is dysmenorrhea?
condition with severe menstrual cramps that limit normal activites
What is premenstrual syndrome? (PMS)
collection of symptoms occurirng just before a menstrual period
What is vaginitis/vulvovaginitis?
inflammation of the vagina and/or vulva
- both have abnormal vaginal discharge
What is uterine/endometrial cancer?
most common in post-menopausal women
- 6% of cancer deaths
What is infertility?
inability to conceive
- 35% due to male factors
- 35% due to female factors
- 20% due to a combination of male and female factors
What is pelvic inflammatory disease?
caused by untreated STI
- infection of a woman’s reproductive organs
What is the function of mechanical barriers? (condom)
prevents sperm from entering female reproductive tract
- decreases risk of transmission of certain STIs
What are contraceptive implants?
small rods of progesterone implanted beneath skin
- cannot take BP or blood from arm with this implant
What are surgical methods of contraception?
tubal ligation: cut and tied fallopian tubes
vasectomy: cut and tied vas deferens
What is an intrauterine device (IUD)?
long-acting reversible contraception
What are examples of hormonal contraception?
pill or depo provera injection
