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Medical Assisting > Urinary and Reproductive Systems > Flashcards

Urinary and Reproductive Systems Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Where are the kidneys?

A

bean-shaped organs on either side of the spine
- below the rips

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2
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A
  • removes waste from the blood
  • produces urine
  • helps to maintain homeostasis
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3
Q

What are nephrons?

A

functional unit of the kidney

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4
Q

What are ureters?

A

long pair of tubes that carry urine from kidney to bladder

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5
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

wavelike contractions to the bladder to move urine

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6
Q

What is the urinary bladder and its function?

A

small sac located in pelvic cavity
- stores urine

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7
Q

What is the urethra and its function?

A

tube carrying urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
- urination

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8
Q

Which gender has the shorter urethra?

A

females

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9
Q

Which organ connects the epididymis to the erethra?

A

vas deferens

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10
Q

What is the normal output range for urine?

A

800 to 2000 milliliters per day

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11
Q

When does the bladder tell you to pee?

A

at around 150 mL

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12
Q

What is urea?

A

main waste product excreted (breakdown of proteins)

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13
Q

What is the purpose of urine?

A

maintains pH for the body

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14
Q

What is acute kidney (renal) failure?

A

small loss of kidney function
- reversible

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15
Q

What is acute renal failure caused by?

A

poisons or alcohol abuse

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16
Q

What is chronic kidney/renal failure?

A

kidneys slowly lose ability to function
- not reversible

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17
Q

What is chronic kidney/renal failure caused by?

A

hypertension

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18
Q

What is incontinence?

A

inability to control urination

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19
Q

What is cystitis?

A

bladder inflammation or infection

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20
Q

What is urethritis?

A

blasser inflammation or infection

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21
Q

What is urinary tract infection? (UTI)

A

infection in any part of the urinary system

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22
Q

What is pyelonephritis?

A

UTI that extends up to the kidneys

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23
Q

What is renal calculi?

A

kidney stones

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24
Q

What are other names for kidney stones?

A
  • renal calculi
  • urolithiasis
  • nephrolithiasis
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25
Q

What is glomerulonephritis?

A

inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney
- can lead to failure

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26
Q

What is polysystic kidney disease?

A

cysts develop in the kidneys which lead to failure

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27
Q

What is the most abundant male sex hormone?

A

testosterone

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28
Q

Where are the testes? What is their function?

A

located inside scrotum
- makes sperm and testosterone

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29
Q

What is the scrotum and its function?

A

pouch of skin that houses the testes

30
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

moves semen and urine out of the body

31
Q

What is the epidymis and its function?

A

coiled tube where sperm cells mature

32
Q

What is the vas deferens and its function?

A

connects epididymis to urethra
- carries sperm cells to urethra

33
Q

What are the seminal vesicles?

A

sac-like organs that secrete seminal fluid

34
Q

Where is the prostate gland?

A

Located just below the bladder
- surrounds top part of urethra

35
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland?

A
  • contracts during ejaculation to move sperm forward
  • secretes fluid that protects sperm within the vagina
36
Q

What is benign prostatic hypertrophy?

A

nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland

37
Q

What is epididymitis?

A

inflammation of the epididymis

38
Q

What is impotence or erectile dysfunction?

A

erection can’t be achieved or maintained

39
Q

What is hydrocele?

A

swelling in the scrotum that occurs when fluid collects surrounding a testicle

40
Q

What is prostate cancer?

A

most common form of cancer in men over 40

41
Q

What is prostatitis?

A

inflammation of the prostate gland
- acute or chronic

42
Q

What is testicular cancer?

A

malignant growth in one or both testicles
- aggressive malignancy

43
Q

What are ovaries? What is their function?

A

pair of oval-shaped organs that produce ova, estrogen, and progesterone

44
Q

What are the fallopian tubes and their functions?

A

pair of tubes where eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus

45
Q

What is the uterus?

A

part that receives fertilized egg

46
Q

What happens to the uterus when you’re not pregnant?

A

uterine lining sloughs off and causes menstruation

47
Q

What are the female hormones?

A
  • estrogen
  • progesterone
  • estradiol
48
Q

What is the vagina?

A

connects uterus to the outside of the body

49
Q

What is the vulva?

A

external portion of the vagina

50
Q

What is the labia majora?

A

folds of skin that protect external female genitalia

51
Q

What is the labia minora?

A

folds of skin within labia majora
- forms hood over clitoris

52
Q

Where is the clitoris?

A

anterior of the urethra

53
Q

What are the mammary glands? What is the function?

A
  • nipple + areola + alveolar glands
  • secretes milk
54
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

tissues of uterine lining grow outside of the uterus

55
Q

What is the fibrocystic breast disease?

A

abnormal cystic tissue in the breast

56
Q

What are fibroids?

A

benign tumors in the uterine wall

57
Q

What is ovarian cancer?

A

detection difficult due to lack of symptoms spreading before detection
- poor survival rate

58
Q

What is breast cancer?

A

second leading cause of cancer deaths in women

59
Q

What is cervical cancer?

A

slow to develop
- pap smear detects abnormal cervical cells

60
Q

What is manorrhagia?

A

heavy menstrual flow

61
Q

What is dysmenorrhea?

A

condition with severe menstrual cramps that limit normal activites

62
Q

What is premenstrual syndrome? (PMS)

A

collection of symptoms occurirng just before a menstrual period

63
Q

What is vaginitis/vulvovaginitis?

A

inflammation of the vagina and/or vulva
- both have abnormal vaginal discharge

64
Q

What is uterine/endometrial cancer?

A

most common in post-menopausal women
- 6% of cancer deaths

65
Q

What is infertility?

A

inability to conceive
- 35% due to male factors
- 35% due to female factors
- 20% due to a combination of male and female factors

66
Q

What is pelvic inflammatory disease?

A

caused by untreated STI
- infection of a woman’s reproductive organs

67
Q

What is the function of mechanical barriers? (condom)

A

prevents sperm from entering female reproductive tract
- decreases risk of transmission of certain STIs

68
Q

What are contraceptive implants?

A

small rods of progesterone implanted beneath skin
- cannot take BP or blood from arm with this implant

69
Q

What are surgical methods of contraception?

A

tubal ligation: cut and tied fallopian tubes
vasectomy: cut and tied vas deferens

70
Q

What is an intrauterine device (IUD)?

A

long-acting reversible contraception

71
Q

What are examples of hormonal contraception?

A

pill or depo provera injection

Medical Assisting (38 decks)

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