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Medical Assisting > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is part of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • heart
  • blood vessels
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2
Q

What does the blood carry?

A

oxygen and nutrients to cells and aids in eliminating wastes

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3
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

slightly left of midline/sternum

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4
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

pump to move blood throughout the body

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5
Q

What is the endocardium? What is the function?

A

innermost layer of the heart
- lines the atria and venticles

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6
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

muscular layer of the heart

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7
Q

What is the pericardium? What is the function?

A

outermost area
- membrane that surrounds the heart
- secretes pericardial fluid

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8
Q

What are the 4 champers of the heart?

A

2 atria (upper)
2 ventricles (lower)

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9
Q

What are the valves between the atria and ventricles?

A
  • tricuspid: between right atrium and ventricle
  • bicuspid (mitral): between left atrium and ventricle
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10
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

valves between ventricles and arteries
- pulmonary
- aortic

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11
Q

What do arteries do?

A

carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

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12
Q

What is the function of the aorta?

A

sends oxygenated blood to the body

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13
Q

What is the function of a vein?

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

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14
Q

What is the function of the superior vena cava?

A

brings blood from the head/arms to the heart

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15
Q

What is the function of the inferior vena cava?

A

brings blood from the abdomen and legs into the heart

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16
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A
  • connects arteries to veins
  • aid in exchange of oxygen and nutrients between blood and cells
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17
Q

How does the heart’s electrical system control the timing of heartbeat?

A

by regulating heart rate and heart rhythm

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18
Q

What is heart rate?

A

number of times your heart beats per minute

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19
Q

What is heart rhythm?

A

synchronized pumping action of the four heart chambers

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20
Q

What should a steady heart rate be at rest?

A

60-100 beats per minute

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21
Q

What is the SA node? What is the function?

A

Sinoatrial node: natural pacemaker of the heart
- right atrium
- sends out electrical pulse to AV node

22
Q

How does a heartbeat happen?

A

1) SA node sends electrical impulse
2) atria contract
3) AV node sends impulse to ventricles through the Bundle of His to the bundle branches through the Purkinje fibers
4) ventricles contract
5) repeats

23
Q

What is the AV node? What is its function?

A

atrioventricular node: between atria and above ventricles
- sends impulse to the bundle of His

24
Q

What is the bundle of His? What is its function?

A
  • between ventricles
  • right and left bundle branches
  • sends impulse to Purkinje fibers
25
Q

What are Purkinje fibers? What is the function?

A

lateral walls of ventricles
- ventricles contract

26
Q

What is systole?

A

period where chamber is contracting and blood is being ejected

27
Q

What is diastole?

A

period of relaxation during which the chamber is filling

28
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

force blood exerts on the inner walls of blood vessels

29
Q

Where is blood pressure high? Low?

A

highest in arteries
lowest in veins
- rises and falls as ventricles contract and relax

30
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A
  • systole
  • ventricles contract
  • blood pressure in arteries is greatest
31
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A
  • diastole
  • ventricles relax
  • blood pressure in arteries is lowest
32
Q

What factors affect blood pressure?

A
  • cardiac output
  • blood volume
  • vasoconstriction/vasodilation
  • blood viscosity
33
Q

What is angina?

A

chest pain

34
Q

What are the cardiac causes of angina?

A
  • myocardial infarction (heart attack)
  • narrowing of coronary arteries
  • atherosclerosis: deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls
35
Q

What are cardiac causes of a heart attack?

A
  • coronary artery blockage
  • atherosclerosis
  • blood clot
  • ischemia: restriction of flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart
36
Q

What are symptoms of a heart attack?

A
  • squeezing chest pain, radiates to shoulder, arm, neck, jaw
  • shortness of breath
  • nausea
  • sweating
  • dizziness
37
Q

What is hypertension? What are the cardiac causes?

A

high blood pressure
- narrowing of the arteries

38
Q

What are the cardiac causes of coronary artery disease?

A
  • buildup of fat and cholesterol in the arteries
  • ischemia: restriction of the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart
39
Q

What are the risk factors of hypertension?

A
  • obesity
  • smoking
  • kidney disease
  • excessive alcohol intake
40
Q

What are the risk factors of coronary artery disease?

A
  • high fat diet
  • smoking
  • obesity
  • sedentary lifestyle
41
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

bulge/ballooning in the wall of an artery

42
Q

What are cardiac causes of an aneurysm?

A

atherosclerosis

43
Q

What are risk factors of an aneurysm?

A
  • obesity
  • smoking
  • high cholesterol diet
44
Q

What is congestive heart failure?

A

heart doesn’t pump blood as efficiently as it should

45
Q

What are cardiac causes of congestive heart failure?

A
  • hypertension
  • previous heart attack
46
Q

What are risk factors of congestive heart failure?

A
  • high fat diet
  • smoking
  • obesity
  • sedentary lifestyle
47
Q

What is thrombophlebitis?

A

blood clot forms blocking veins in usually the legs

48
Q

What are risk factors of thrombophlebitis?

A
  • prolonged periods of inactivity
  • hormone replacement therapy
  • cancer
  • paralysis
49
Q

What is mitral valve prolapse?

A

mitral valve doesn’t close smoothly or evenly
- causes backflow of blood

50
Q

What are cardiac causes of mitral valve prolapse?

A
  • unknown
  • hereditary
51
Q

What are symptoms of mitral valve prolapse?

A
  • none
  • shortness of breath
  • palpitations

Medical Assisting (23 decks)

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