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Medical Assisting > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

made up of organs and glands that produce, store and release hormones

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2
Q

What do hormones do?

A

regulates chemical reactions in cells
- controls function of the organs, tissues, and other cells
- aids the body in homeostasis

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3
Q

What are hormones?

A

chemicals used to increase or decrease activity of specific taregt cells

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of glands?

A

exocrine: releases hormones into a duct to target cells
endocrine: releases hormones directly into the bloodstream

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5
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

master gland of the endocrine system (in the brain)

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6
Q

What does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?

A
  • growth hormone
  • thyroid stimulating hormone
  • follicle stimulating hormone
  • luteinizing hormone
  • prolactin
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7
Q

What does growth hormone do?

A

body growth

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8
Q

What does thyroid stimulating hormone do?

A

regulates thyroid gland

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9
Q

What does follicle stimulating hormone do?

A

growth of ova and sperm

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10
Q

What does luteinizing hormone do?

A

stimulates ovulation and testosterone in males

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11
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

causes breasts to grow and make milk during pregnancy and after birth

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12
Q

What does the posterior pituitary gland secrete?

A
  • antidiuretic hormone
  • oxytocin
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13
Q

What does antidiuretic hormone do?

A

stimulates reabsorption of water by the kidneys

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14
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

stimulates uterine contractions during labor and release of breast milk

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15
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

similar to posterior pituitary gland
- secretes ADH and oxytocin

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16
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

melatonin

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17
Q

What does melatonin do?

A

regulates onset of puberty
- biological clock
- sleepy time

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18
Q

Where is the thyroid gland?

A

base of the neck
- just below Adam’s apple

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19
Q

What does the thyroid gland secrete?

A
  • T3
  • T4
  • Calcitonin
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20
Q

What does T3 and T4 do?

A

cellular metabolism

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21
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

increases bone calcium

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22
Q

Where is the thymus?

A

posterior to the sternum

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23
Q

What does the thymus do?

A

secretes thymosin

24
Q

What does thymosin do?

A

development of cells in the immune system

25
Q

What is in the parathyroid gland? What does it do?

A

parathyroid hormones
- regulates calcium

26
Q

Where is the pancreas?

A

behind the stomach and in front of the spine

27
Q

What type of glands does the pancreas have?

A

endocrine AND exocrine

28
Q

What does the pancreas secrete?

A

alpha cells (glucagon)
beta cells (insulin)

29
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

increases blood sugar

30
Q

What does insulin do?

A

lowers blood sugar

31
Q

Where are the adrenal glands?

A

on top of both kidneys

32
Q

Why does cortisol get secreted?

A

prolonged stress inhibits the body’s immune response

33
Q

What does the adrenal glands secrete?

A

aldosterone
cortisol
epinephrine
norepinephrine

34
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

regulates electrolytes and fluid volume

35
Q

What does cortisol do?

A

regulates carbohydrates

36
Q

What does epinephrine do?

A

fight or flight response

37
Q

What does norepinephrine do?

A

vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure

38
Q

What do the ovaries secrete?

A

estrogen and progesterone

39
Q

What does estrogen do?

A

development of secondary sex characteristics in females
- regulates menses

40
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

prepares body for pregnancy

41
Q

What do testes secrete?

A

testosterone

42
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

sperm production
- secondary sex characteristics in males

43
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

chronic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels

44
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

body stops making insulin
- born with it
- requires insulin replacement

45
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

associated with obesity, genetic predisposition

46
Q

What is gestational diabetes?

A

occurs during pregnancy
- temporary

47
Q

What is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS?)

A

irregular menstrual periods, elevated hormone levels, cysts on ovaries

48
Q

What is gigantism acromegaly?

A

results from an excess of growth hormone from the pituitary gland

49
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

autoimmune disorder
- excessive thyroid hormone
- weight loss
- heat tolerance
- anxiety
- increased heart rate

50
Q

What is another name for hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves disease

51
Q

What is hypotheyoidism?

A

underactive thyroid gland
- weight gain
- fatigue
- slow heart rate
- myxedema

52
Q

What is myxedema?

A

swelling of the skin and underlying tissues

53
Q

What is cretinism?

A

condition of severe physical and mental retardation due to iodine deficiency or deficiency of thyroid hormones during early pregnancy

54
Q

What is cushing’s syndrome?

A

high levels of the hormone cortisol from the adrenal glands over long periods of time

55
Q

What is goiter?

A

irregular growth of the thyroid gland

56
Q

How is goiter treated?

A

with iodine or surgery

Medical Assisting (23 decks)

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