Body Organization Flashcards
What are the levels of body organization?
cells
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
What is anatomy?
study of body structure
What is physiology?
study of body function
What is homeostasis?
body systems and processes maintain stability
What is the cell membrane?
outer layer
- semi-permeable
What is the cytoplasm?
liquid containing cell’s structure
What is the mitochondria?
makes ATP for the cell
What is the nucleus?
structure that contains chromosomes (DNA)
What is DNA?
carrier of genetic instructions in all living things
What is a gene?
portion of DNA that determines a body trait
What is heredity?
transfer of genetic traits form a parent to child
How many chromosomes do we have?
46 chromosomes
- 22 pairs + 1 pair of sex chromosomes
What are the 4 types of tissues?
- epithelial
- nervous
- skeletal
- muscle
What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?
- covers the body and most organs
- protects against invading pathogens and toxins
- secretes enzymes
- absorbs nutrients
What are the characteristics of nervous tissue?
- located in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
- sends impulses or electrical messages to nerve endings, muscles, and glands in the body
What are the types of muscle tissue?
- skeletal muscle
- smooth muscle
- cardiac muscle
What can muscle tissue do?
contract and retract
THAT’S IT
What are the characteristics of skeletal muscles?
- attached to skeleton
- striated
- voluntary motion
What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?
located in walls of hollow organs, walls of blood vessels, and dermis of skin
- involuntary motion
What are the characteristics of cardiac muscles?
located in the wall of the heart
- striated
- involuntary motion
What are the functions of connective tissue?
supports, protects, give structure to other tissues and organs in the body
- stores fat
- helps move nutrients and other substances between tissues and organs
- helps repair damaged tissue
- most abundant
What does cartilage do?
joints muscles
What is adipose?
fat
What is an organ?
structure formed by organization of two or more different tissue types
What is an organ system?
organs joined together to carry out vital functions
What does the respiratory system consist of?
- nose
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- trachea
- larynx
- bronchi
- lungs
What is the integumentary system? What is the function?
skin and accessory organs
- body’s first defense against illness and injury
- regulates temperature
- excretion (sweat)
- sensation
What is the skeletal system? What is the function?
bones and joints
- gives body structure and stability
- protects organs from injury
What is the muscular system? What is the function?
muscles and connecting structures
- responsible for movement
What is the lymphatic system? What is the function?
lymph nodes, spleen
- prevents infections with help from white blood cells
What is the respiratory system? What is the function?
lungs and airways
- moves air, breathing
- delivers oxygen and eliminated carbon dioxide
What is the digestive system? What is the function?
mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines
- liver and pancreas contribute
- provides and delivers nutrients
What is the nervous system? What is the function?
brain, spinal cord, nerves
- controls all other body systems
What is the endocrine system? What is the function?
glands that secrete hormones: pancreas, pituitary, adrenal, thyroid glands
- exocrine glands: release hormones into ducts
- endocrine glands: release hormones into bloodstream
What is the cardiovascular system? What is the function?
heart and blood vessels
- pumps blood, provides necessary nutrients, eliminates waste
What is the urinary system? What is the function?
kidneys, bladder
- filters blood, removes waste
What is the female and male reproductive system? What is the function?
ovaries, uterus, vagina, testes, penis
- achieve fertilization, produce offspring
What is anatomical position?
- body upright
- facing forward
- palms facing forward
- arms by the side
What are following anatomical pairs?
- top/bottom
- close/far
- middle/side
- superior/inferior
- proximal/distal
- medial/lateral
What is ventral and dorsal?
ventral: front of the body
dorsal: back of the body
Give other names for ventral/dorsal.
ventral: anterior, coronal, frontal
dorsal: posterior
What is the 3 main anatomical planes?
- sagittal: divides left and right, middle
- transverse: up and down like a table
- coronal: separates front and back
What are the 5 main body cavities?
- cranial: brain
- spinal: spine
- thoracic: chest, lungs, hearts, major vessels
- abdominal: abdomen, liver, intestines, colon
- pelvic: bladder
What are the 4 abdominal quadrants?
RUQ: right upper
RLQ: right lower
LUQ: left upper
LLQ: left lower
What does pain in each quadrant mean?
RUQ: gallbladder
RLQ: appendix
LUQ: spleen
LLQ: constipation
What is albinism?
born with little or no pigmentation in the skin, eyes, or hair
What is cystic fibrosis?
life-threatening disease that mainly affects lungs and pancreas
What is down syndrome?
3 copies of chromosome 21
What is hemophilia?
blood disorder, lack of clotting factor
What is phenylketonuria? PKU
decreased metabolism of PKU
- leads to intellectual disability, seizures, behavioral problems, and mental disorders
