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Medical Assisting > Body Organization > Flashcards

Body Organization Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the levels of body organization?

A

cells
tissue
organ
organ system
organism

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2
Q

What is anatomy?

A

study of body structure

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3
Q

What is physiology?

A

study of body function

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4
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

body systems and processes maintain stability

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5
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

outer layer
- semi-permeable

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6
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

liquid containing cell’s structure

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7
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

makes ATP for the cell

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8
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

structure that contains chromosomes (DNA)

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9
Q

What is DNA?

A

carrier of genetic instructions in all living things

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10
Q

What is a gene?

A

portion of DNA that determines a body trait

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11
Q

What is heredity?

A

transfer of genetic traits form a parent to child

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12
Q

How many chromosomes do we have?

A

46 chromosomes
- 22 pairs + 1 pair of sex chromosomes

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13
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues?

A
  • epithelial
  • nervous
  • skeletal
  • muscle
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14
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A
  • covers the body and most organs
  • protects against invading pathogens and toxins
  • secretes enzymes
  • absorbs nutrients
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15
Q

What are the characteristics of nervous tissue?

A
  • located in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
  • sends impulses or electrical messages to nerve endings, muscles, and glands in the body
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16
Q

What are the types of muscle tissue?

A
  • skeletal muscle
  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
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17
Q

What can muscle tissue do?

A

contract and retract
THAT’S IT

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscles?

A
  • attached to skeleton
  • striated
  • voluntary motion
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19
Q

What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?

A

located in walls of hollow organs, walls of blood vessels, and dermis of skin
- involuntary motion

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscles?

A

located in the wall of the heart
- striated
- involuntary motion

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21
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A

supports, protects, give structure to other tissues and organs in the body
- stores fat
- helps move nutrients and other substances between tissues and organs
- helps repair damaged tissue
- most abundant

22
Q

What does cartilage do?

A

joints muscles

23
Q

What is adipose?

A

fat

24
Q

What is an organ?

A

structure formed by organization of two or more different tissue types

25
Q

What is an organ system?

A

organs joined together to carry out vital functions

26
Q

What does the respiratory system consist of?

A
  • nose
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • trachea
  • larynx
  • bronchi
  • lungs
27
Q

What is the integumentary system? What is the function?

A

skin and accessory organs
- body’s first defense against illness and injury
- regulates temperature
- excretion (sweat)
- sensation

28
Q

What is the skeletal system? What is the function?

A

bones and joints
- gives body structure and stability
- protects organs from injury

29
Q

What is the muscular system? What is the function?

A

muscles and connecting structures
- responsible for movement

30
Q

What is the lymphatic system? What is the function?

A

lymph nodes, spleen
- prevents infections with help from white blood cells

31
Q

What is the respiratory system? What is the function?

A

lungs and airways
- moves air, breathing
- delivers oxygen and eliminated carbon dioxide

32
Q

What is the digestive system? What is the function?

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines
- liver and pancreas contribute
- provides and delivers nutrients

33
Q

What is the nervous system? What is the function?

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves
- controls all other body systems

34
Q

What is the endocrine system? What is the function?

A

glands that secrete hormones: pancreas, pituitary, adrenal, thyroid glands
- exocrine glands: release hormones into ducts
- endocrine glands: release hormones into bloodstream

35
Q

What is the cardiovascular system? What is the function?

A

heart and blood vessels
- pumps blood, provides necessary nutrients, eliminates waste

36
Q

What is the urinary system? What is the function?

A

kidneys, bladder
- filters blood, removes waste

37
Q

What is the female and male reproductive system? What is the function?

A

ovaries, uterus, vagina, testes, penis
- achieve fertilization, produce offspring

38
Q

What is anatomical position?

A
  • body upright
  • facing forward
  • palms facing forward
  • arms by the side
39
Q

What are following anatomical pairs?
- top/bottom
- close/far
- middle/side

A
  • superior/inferior
  • proximal/distal
  • medial/lateral
40
Q

What is ventral and dorsal?

A

ventral: front of the body
dorsal: back of the body

41
Q

Give other names for ventral/dorsal.

A

ventral: anterior, coronal, frontal
dorsal: posterior

42
Q

What is the 3 main anatomical planes?

A
  • sagittal: divides left and right, middle
  • transverse: up and down like a table
  • coronal: separates front and back
43
Q

What are the 5 main body cavities?

A
  • cranial: brain
  • spinal: spine
  • thoracic: chest, lungs, hearts, major vessels
  • abdominal: abdomen, liver, intestines, colon
  • pelvic: bladder
44
Q

What are the 4 abdominal quadrants?

A

RUQ: right upper
RLQ: right lower
LUQ: left upper
LLQ: left lower

45
Q

What does pain in each quadrant mean?

A

RUQ: gallbladder
RLQ: appendix
LUQ: spleen
LLQ: constipation

46
Q

What is albinism?

A

born with little or no pigmentation in the skin, eyes, or hair

47
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

life-threatening disease that mainly affects lungs and pancreas

48
Q

What is down syndrome?

A

3 copies of chromosome 21

49
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

blood disorder, lack of clotting factor

50
Q

What is phenylketonuria? PKU

A

decreased metabolism of PKU
- leads to intellectual disability, seizures, behavioral problems, and mental disorders

Medical Assisting (23 decks)

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