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Medical Assisting > Assisting with other Specialties > Flashcards

Assisting with other Specialties Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What does an allergist do?

A

diagnoses and treating allergies

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2
Q

What does a cardiologist do?

A

heart disease and disorders

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3
Q

What does a dermatologists do?

A

skin disorders

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4
Q

What does a gastroenterologist do?

A

disorders of the GI tract, liver, pancreas

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5
Q

What do neurologists do?

A

disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system

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6
Q

What do oncologists do?

A

tumors and cancerous growths

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7
Q

What do orthopedists do?

A

bone and joints

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8
Q

What is hay fever?

A

seasonal allergies

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9
Q

What are symptoms of hay fever?

A
  • nasal inflammation
  • sneezing
  • runny nose
  • scratchy throat
  • red itchy eyes
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10
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

inflammation of mucous membranes in the sinuses

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11
Q

What is sinusitis caused by?

A

infection, allergies, irritation from toxic substances in the air

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12
Q

What does asthma affect?

A

airways that carry air into and out of the lungs

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13
Q

What are symptoms of asthma?

A
  • coughing
  • wheezing
  • shortness of breath
  • chest tightness
  • producing mucus
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14
Q

What are urticaria?

A

hives
- raised red welts on the surface of the skin

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15
Q

What are hives associated with?

A

allergic reaction
- histamine release or abnormalities in parts of the immune system

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16
Q

What is anaphylaxis?

A

life-threatening allergic reaction

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17
Q

What is the scratch test?

A
  • suspected allergens applied to patient’s skin
  • skin is scratched to allow extracts to penetrate
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18
Q

What is intradermal test?

A
  • solutions of allergens injected into the skin of the inner forearm or upper back with a fine-gauge needle
  • small blister appears
  • reaction time is about 15-30 minutes
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19
Q

What is an example of intradermal test?

A

TB skin test

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20
Q

What is RAST?

A

measures blood levels of antibodies to specific allergens

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21
Q

What are anti-inflammatory medications for?

A
  • allergies
  • prevent or reverse inflammation in the airways
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22
Q

What are bronchodilators for?

A
  • allergies
  • opens airways during asthma episodes
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23
Q

What is epinephrine for?

A
  • allergies
  • contradicts anaphylaxis
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24
Q

What is coronary artery disease?

A

narrowing of the blood vessels surrounding the heart, reduces blood flow to the heart muscle

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25
Q

What are other cardiovascular diseases?

A
  • hypertension
  • myocardial infarction
  • dysrhythmias
  • heart failure
  • valvular diseases
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26
Q

What are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases?

A
  • inactivity
  • obesity
  • high blood pressure
  • smoking
  • high cholesterol
  • diabetes
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27
Q

How can we education patients to take care of their hearts?

A
  • prevention of heart disease, stroke, heart attack
  • medications
  • testing instructions
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28
Q

What are common cardiology tests?

A
  • blood pressure
  • pulse
  • EKG
  • holter monitor
  • stress testing
  • MRI
  • CT
  • angiogram
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29
Q

What is the Holter monitor?

A

records electrical activity of the heart continuously over 24 hours or longer

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30
Q

What is stress testing?

A

uses exercise
- shows how the heart works during physical activity

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31
Q

What is EKG for?

A

echocardiogram
- ultrasound scan of the heart

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32
Q

What is angiogram?

A

x-ray used to examine the coronary arteries

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33
Q

What are cardiac biomarkers?

A

used to diagnose a heart attack by determining if heart cells have been damaged
- cardiac troponin
- creatinine kinase (CK)

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34
Q

What are lipid blood tests for?

A

diagnose levels of cholesterol and triglycerides

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35
Q

What are c-reactive proteins for?

A

identifies high levels inflammation

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36
Q

What are blood tests for anticoagulants?

A

blood thinner evaluation
- prothrombin time

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37
Q

What is cardiac catheterization?

A

invasive procedure
- catheter inserted into a vein or artery in the arm/leg
- passed through the blood vessels into the heart

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38
Q

What is a balloon angioplasty?

A

balloon inflated at site of blockage to compress blockage and widen artery

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39
Q

What is a stent?

A

tube placed in artery to keep it open

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40
Q

What is coronary artery bypass graft?

A

surgery to bypass blockage using a vessel taken from another area

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41
Q

What are anticoagulants for?

A

help prevent blood from clotting

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42
Q

What are ACE inhibitors for?

A

dilate/widen blood vessels
- improve blood flow

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43
Q

What are antiarrhythmics for?

A

treats arrhythmias

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44
Q

What are angiotensin receptors for?

A

relaxes veins and arteries to lower blood prresure

45
Q

What are beta blockers for?

A

treats high blood pressure, angina, and abnormal heart rhythms

46
Q

What are calcium channel blockers for?

A

treats high blood pressure, abnormal heart rhythms and angina

47
Q

What is statin?

A

cholesterol-lowering medications

48
Q

What are diuretics for?

A

helps kidneys flush out excess fluid

49
Q

What are vasodilators for?

A

relaxes blood vessels
- treats hypertension

50
Q

What does acne vulgaris represent?

A

puberty

51
Q

What is contact dermatitis?

A

poison ivy
- treated with corticosteroids

52
Q

What is ringworm?

A

caused by fungus
- circular rash

53
Q

What is psoriasis?

A

red, itchy, scaly patches
- most commonly on the knees, elbows, trunk, scalp
- common, chronic disease with no cure

54
Q

What is eczema?

A

acute dermatitis
- dry, itchy skin and rashes on the face, inside the elbows, and behind the knees, and on the hands and feet

55
Q

What are other skin disorders?

A
  • cysts
  • moles
  • skin cancers
  • warts
  • keloids
  • jaundice
56
Q

What are warts caused by?

A

virus

57
Q

What are keloids?

A

firm, rubbery lesions or nodules, colors vary
- benign and not contagious
- triggered by skin injury, insect bites, acene, injection, body piercing, burns, hair removal, minor scratches

58
Q

What is jaundice caused by?

A

liver cancer or cirrhosis

59
Q

What are skin tests for?

A

diagnose allergies, infections, and other problems affecting the skin
- used to tell the difference between malignant and benign cells

60
Q

What is patch testing?

A

diagnose skin allergies
- allergens applied to the skin on the back with adhesive patches and left for a period of time
- skin is examined for a reaction

61
Q

What is a skin biopsy for?

A

diagnose skin cancer or benign skin disorders

62
Q

What are cultures for?

A

identifying bacteria, fungus, virus causing an infection
- skin, hair, nails

63
Q

What is wood’s lamp examination?

A

used UV light to look at the skin closely

64
Q

What are type 1 diabetes risk factors?

A
  • family history
  • age
65
Q

What are type 2 diabetes risk factors?

A
  • overweight
  • 45 years or older
  • family history
  • sedentary lifestyle
  • African American, Hispanic, Latino, American Indian, Alaska Native person
66
Q

What are some gestational diabetes risk factors?

A
  • gestational diabetes during pregnancy
  • birth to a baby over 9 pounds
  • overweight
  • more than 25 years old
  • family history of Type II
67
Q

What is the A1C test?

A
  • measures average blood sugar level over the past 2 or 3 months
  • <5.7% normal
  • 5.7-6.4% = prediabetes
  • > 6.5% = diabetes
68
Q

What is the fasting blood sugar test?

A
  • measures blood sugar after an overnight fast
  • <99 mg/dL normal
  • 100-125 mg/dL prediabetes
  • > 126 mg/dL diabetes
69
Q

What is glucose tolerance test?

A

measures blood sugar before and after drinking a liquid that contains glucose
- fasting glucose checked over several hours

70
Q

What is the common medication for type 1 diabetes?

A

insulin

71
Q

What are medications for type 2 diabetes? How does each help?

A
  • alpha-glucosidase inhibitors: help body break down starchy foods and table sugar lowering blood sugar
  • biguanides: decrease how much sugar the liver makes
  • dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors: help the body continue to make insulin
  • Sulfonylureas: stimulates the pancreas to make more insulin
72
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

decreased activity of the thyroid gland

73
Q

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A
  • fatigue
  • increased sensitivity to cold
  • constipation
  • dry skin
  • weight gain
74
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves disease
- increased gland activity

75
Q

What are symptoms of Graves disease?

A
  • anxiety
  • irritability
  • elevated heart rate and blood pressure
  • weight loss
76
Q

What is a goiter?

A

irregular growth of the thyroid gland

77
Q

What is T4 blood test?

A

measures blood level of the hormone T4 (thyroxine)

78
Q

What is TSH blood test?

A

measures thyroid stimulating hormone in the blood

79
Q

What is T3 total blood test?

A

measures level of hormone T3 in the blood

80
Q

What is thyroid ultrasound?

A

used to examine the thyroid for abnormalities
- cysts
- nodules
- tumors

81
Q

What is a hernia?

A

upper part of the stomach bulges through diaphragm

82
Q

What is cholecystitis?

A

inflammation of the gallbladder

83
Q

What is cholelithiasis?

A

gallstones

84
Q

What is colitis?

A

inflammation of the inner lining of the colon

85
Q

What is diverticulitis?

A

infection or inflammation of pounches in the intestines

86
Q

What is GERD?

A

stomach acid flows backward into the esophagus

87
Q

What is the role of a MA during gastroenterology exams?

A
  • exam procedure based on patient’s symptoms
  • provide reassurance and ensure comfort
  • assist as permitted
  • patient instructions
88
Q

What is fluoroscopy?

A
  • makes real-time video of the movements inside a part of the body by passing x-rays through the body over a period of time
89
Q

What is barium swallow for?

A
  • upper GI test
  • imaging test checks for problems in the upper GI tract
  • mouth
  • back of throat
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • first part of the small intestine
90
Q

What is barium enema test?

A
  • lower GI test
  • x-ray exam that detects changes or abnormalities in the large intestine (colon)
91
Q

What is colonoscopy?

A
  • used to detect changes or abnormalities in the large intestine (colon) and rectum
  • long tube inserted into rectum
  • video camera at the tip of the tube allows the physician to view the inside of the entire colon
92
Q

What are common neurologic diseases?

A
  • alzheimer’s disease
  • bell’s palsy
  • encephalitis
  • epilepsy
  • migraines
  • parkinson’s disease
  • paralysis
93
Q

What are the characteristics of bell’s palsy?

A
  • facial muscle weakness or paralysis
  • begins suddenly and worsens over 48 hours
  • results from damage to the facial nerve
94
Q

What are the symptoms of encephalitis?

A

inflammation of tissues of the brain caused by an infection or an autoimmune response

95
Q

What is parkinson’s disease?

A
  • degenerative disorder that affects movement
  • causes tremors
96
Q

What are 3 types of paralysis?

A
  • hemiplegia
  • paraplegia
  • quadriplegia
97
Q

What is an EEG?

A

electroencephalography
- records electrical activity of the brain on a strip of graph paper
- detects or examines conditions such as tumors, seizure disorders, brain injury

98
Q

What is cerebral angiography?

A

radiologic study of cerebral blood vessels using a contrast medium

99
Q

What is brain scan?

A

patient injected with radioisotopes which gather in areas of abnormality such as tumors or abscesses

100
Q

What is a computed tomography?

A

CT scan
- produces a 3D cross-sectional view of the brain
- can be done with/without a contrast medium
- diagnose a wide range of conditions, including tumors, blood clots, brain swelling

101
Q

What are common orthopedic diseases and disorders?

A
  • arthritis
  • carpal tunnel syndrome
  • dislocations, sprains, fractures
  • osteoporosis
  • low back pain
  • bursitis
102
Q

What is bursitis?

A

inflammation of a burse
- fluid-filled sac between tissues next to tendons near large joints in the shoulders, elbows, hips, knees

103
Q

What are common orthopedic tests?

A
  • bone densitometry (DEXA): for osteoporosis
  • x-ray
  • MRI
  • ultrasound
  • CT scan
  • arthroscopy: view inside of a joint
104
Q

What are some medications for orthopedics?

A
  • NSAIDs
  • osteoporosis treatment
  • muscle relaxants
  • opioid pain relievers
105
Q

What are the 3 different types of biopsies and their functions?

A
  • incisional (open) biopsy: piece of tissue is removed
  • needle biopsy: removes tissue with a needle inserted through the skin into the growth or area
  • needle aspiration: removes fluid from a lump or cyst with a needle
106
Q

What is the role of a MA in oncology?

A
  • sterile technique
  • placing specimen in a prepared, labeled container provided by the laboratory
  • transport specimen according to lab instructions, attaching the proper accompanying forms
  • clean and bandage site
107
Q

What are some examples of diagnostic testing in oncology?

A
  • x-rays
  • CT scans
  • MRI
  • blood tests to detect tumor markers
  • ultrasound
  • PET scan (radioactive drug)
108
Q

What are some examples of cancer treatment?

A
  • surgery: removal of all or part of the tumor
    = most effective if tumor is contained or localized
  • radiation therapy: kills or stops the growth of tumor cells
    = damages cells that undergo rapid division
  • chemotherapy: anticancer drugs administered to kill malignant cells
    = used alone or in combination
    = highly toxic (use PPE)

Medical Assisting (38 decks)

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