Patient Nutrition and Education Flashcards
Why does the body need nutrients?
- provides energy
- build, repair, maintain body tissues
- regulates body processes
What are essential nutrients?
- body doesn’t make it
- some protein components need to come from food
What are non-essential nutrients?
body can make vitamin D and cholesterol
How much calories are eaten a day by adults?
1800-2200 calories/day
How are calories burned?
physical activity
What are excess calories stored as?
fat
How many calories does each gram of protein provide?
4 calories
What happens to the body with little protein?
- weight loss
- malnutrition
- fatigue
- increased susceptibility to infection
What are complete proteins?
- meat
- seafood
- milk products
- eggs
What are incomplete proteins?
- black beans
- peas
- peanut butter
- wheat
- soybeans
- corn
- grains
What happens to excess protein?
turns to fat or glucose
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
- quick source of energy
- keeps body from using protein for energy
- body converts into glucose
How many calories is in a gram of carbohydrates?
4 calories
What happens to excess carbohydrates?
- stored in liver and muscle cells
- converted into and stored as fat
What happens to the body with not enough carbohydrates?
- protein loss
- weight loss
- fatigue
What are simple sugars?
- honey
- candy
- cane sugar
What are complex carbohydrates?
- fruits
- vegetables
- cereal
- rice
- beans
- pasta
- potatoes
- corn
How many calories are in a gram of fat?
9 calories
What are fats?
- concentrated energy source
- essential to growth and metabolism
What are saturated fats?
- solid at room temperature
- meat products
- palm and coconut oil
- raises LDL
What are unsaturated fats?
- liquid at room temperature
- most healthy
- olive, canola, peanut oil
- corn, sunflower, safflower oil
What are trans fats?
- used to preserve processed foods
- raised LDL
- zero consumption
What are the types of fats and what they’re known as?
- cholesterol: made in liver
- Low-density lipids: bad cholesterol
- high density lipids: good cholesterol
What are sources of fats?
liver and dietary
Why are fats essential to health?
- integral part of cell membranes
- provides the structural basis for all steroid hormones and vitamin D
- aids in digestion
What are some functions of fiber?
- slows the time food takes to pass through stomach
- adds bulk to stool
- absorbs some wastes
- lowers cholesterol levels
- slows glucose absorption
How many calories per gram of fiber?
1.2-2.5 calories
What happens with too liter fiber?
- increases cancer risk
- increases blood glucose levels after eating
- causes constipation
What happens with too much fiber?
- interfere with mineral absorption
- causes bloating
- causes diarrhea
What does fiber help prevent?
- gallstones
- hemorrhoids
- irritable bowel syndrome
- diverticulosis
What are soluble fibers?
dissolves in water
What foods have soluble fibers?
- oatmeal
- chia seeds
- nuts
- beans
- lentils
- apples
- blueberries
- pears
What are insoluble fiber?
doesn’t dissolve in water
What foods have insoluble fiber?
- whole wheat products
- quinoa
- brown rice
- legumes
- leafy greens
- nuts
- pears and apples
What are vitamins?
- organic substances
- essential for normal growth and maintenance
- essential for resistance to infection
- absorbed through digestive tract
What are examples of fat-soluble vitamins?
A
D
E
K
What are water soluble vitamins?
B1
B2
B3
folate
B12
pantothenic acid
biotin
C
What are minerals?
natural, inorganic substances
- build and maintain tissues
- carry out life functions
- absorbed in the intestines
What is a major mineral?
needed in large quantities
What is a trace mineral?
needed in small amounts
Where is vitamin K found? What does it do?
- found in green leafy vegetables
- needed for bone growth
- affects clotting factors of blood
Where is vitamin A found? What does it do?
- found in green, yellow, orange vegetables
- aids in night vision and skin health
Where is vitamin C found? What does it do?
- found in citrus fruits
- antioxidant
- aids in absorption of iron
Where is vitamin D found? What does it do?
- found in fortified milk, sun exposure
- builds bone and teeth
Where is vitamin E found? What does it do?
- found in oils, nuts, seeds, fruits, vegetables
- antioxidant and skin health
Where is iron found? What does it do?
- found in meats, egg yolks
- necessary for RBC formation
What is the function of water in the body?
- maintains fluid balance
- lubricates moving parts
- dissolves chemical and nutrients
- aids in digestion
- transports nutrients and secretions
- flushes out water
- regulates body temperature
What is it called when you drink too much water? What happens?
- hyponatremia
- low blood sodium levels
- nausea
- headache
- confusion
- fatigue
How much of our body weight is water?
65%
What is the diet for those with diabetes?
- balanced diet
- low sodium
- sweets in moderation
- calorie limitations
What is the diet for those with cardiovascular disease?
- reduce cholesterol
- lower sodium
- high fiber
- little to no alcohol
What is the diet for those with cancer?
- high protein
- vitamin supplements
- frequent small meals
What is the diet for those with GERD?
- low fat
- no spice
- no coffee, mints, chocolate
- no dairy
- high fiber
What is GERD?
gastroesophageal reflux disease
What is anorexia nervosa?
starvation
- self-starvation
- fear of weight gain
- excessive exercising
- no menstrual periods
What is treatment for anorexia nervosa?
- restore normal nutrition
- psychotherapy
- education of nutrition concepts
What is bulimia?
eating large amounts of food and purging
- consuming large amounts of food
- using bathroom immediately after eating
- laxative use
What is the treatment for bulimia?
- focus on eating healthy
- counseling
- psychotherapy
