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Medical Assisting > Patient Nutrition and Education > Flashcards

Patient Nutrition and Education Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Why does the body need nutrients?

A
  • provides energy
  • build, repair, maintain body tissues
  • regulates body processes
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2
Q

What are essential nutrients?

A
  • body doesn’t make it
  • some protein components need to come from food
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3
Q

What are non-essential nutrients?

A

body can make vitamin D and cholesterol

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4
Q

How much calories are eaten a day by adults?

A

1800-2200 calories/day

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5
Q

How are calories burned?

A

physical activity

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6
Q

What are excess calories stored as?

A

fat

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7
Q

How many calories does each gram of protein provide?

A

4 calories

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8
Q

What happens to the body with little protein?

A
  • weight loss
  • malnutrition
  • fatigue
  • increased susceptibility to infection
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9
Q

What are complete proteins?

A
  • meat
  • seafood
  • milk products
  • eggs
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10
Q

What are incomplete proteins?

A
  • black beans
  • peas
  • peanut butter
  • wheat
  • soybeans
  • corn
  • grains
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11
Q

What happens to excess protein?

A

turns to fat or glucose

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12
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A
  • quick source of energy
  • keeps body from using protein for energy
  • body converts into glucose
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13
Q

How many calories is in a gram of carbohydrates?

A

4 calories

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14
Q

What happens to excess carbohydrates?

A
  • stored in liver and muscle cells
  • converted into and stored as fat
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15
Q

What happens to the body with not enough carbohydrates?

A
  • protein loss
  • weight loss
  • fatigue
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16
Q

What are simple sugars?

A
  • honey
  • candy
  • cane sugar
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17
Q

What are complex carbohydrates?

A
  • fruits
  • vegetables
  • cereal
  • rice
  • beans
  • pasta
  • potatoes
  • corn
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18
Q

How many calories are in a gram of fat?

A

9 calories

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19
Q

What are fats?

A
  • concentrated energy source
  • essential to growth and metabolism
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20
Q

What are saturated fats?

A
  • solid at room temperature
  • meat products
  • palm and coconut oil
  • raises LDL
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21
Q

What are unsaturated fats?

A
  • liquid at room temperature
  • most healthy
  • olive, canola, peanut oil
  • corn, sunflower, safflower oil
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22
Q

What are trans fats?

A
  • used to preserve processed foods
  • raised LDL
  • zero consumption
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23
Q

What are the types of fats and what they’re known as?

A
  • cholesterol: made in liver
  • Low-density lipids: bad cholesterol
  • high density lipids: good cholesterol
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24
Q

What are sources of fats?

A

liver and dietary

25
Q

Why are fats essential to health?

A
  • integral part of cell membranes
  • provides the structural basis for all steroid hormones and vitamin D
  • aids in digestion
26
Q

What are some functions of fiber?

A
  • slows the time food takes to pass through stomach
  • adds bulk to stool
  • absorbs some wastes
  • lowers cholesterol levels
  • slows glucose absorption
27
Q

How many calories per gram of fiber?

A

1.2-2.5 calories

28
Q

What happens with too liter fiber?

A
  • increases cancer risk
  • increases blood glucose levels after eating
  • causes constipation
29
Q

What happens with too much fiber?

A
  • interfere with mineral absorption
  • causes bloating
  • causes diarrhea
30
Q

What does fiber help prevent?

A
  • gallstones
  • hemorrhoids
  • irritable bowel syndrome
  • diverticulosis
31
Q

What are soluble fibers?

A

dissolves in water

32
Q

What foods have soluble fibers?

A
  • oatmeal
  • chia seeds
  • nuts
  • beans
  • lentils
  • apples
  • blueberries
  • pears
33
Q

What are insoluble fiber?

A

doesn’t dissolve in water

34
Q

What foods have insoluble fiber?

A
  • whole wheat products
  • quinoa
  • brown rice
  • legumes
  • leafy greens
  • nuts
  • pears and apples
35
Q

What are vitamins?

A
  • organic substances
  • essential for normal growth and maintenance
  • essential for resistance to infection
  • absorbed through digestive tract
36
Q

What are examples of fat-soluble vitamins?

A

A
D
E
K

37
Q

What are water soluble vitamins?

A

B1
B2
B3
folate
B12
pantothenic acid
biotin
C

38
Q

What are minerals?

A

natural, inorganic substances
- build and maintain tissues
- carry out life functions
- absorbed in the intestines

39
Q

What is a major mineral?

A

needed in large quantities

40
Q

What is a trace mineral?

A

needed in small amounts

41
Q

Where is vitamin K found? What does it do?

A
  • found in green leafy vegetables
  • needed for bone growth
  • affects clotting factors of blood
42
Q

Where is vitamin A found? What does it do?

A
  • found in green, yellow, orange vegetables
  • aids in night vision and skin health
43
Q

Where is vitamin C found? What does it do?

A
  • found in citrus fruits
  • antioxidant
  • aids in absorption of iron
44
Q

Where is vitamin D found? What does it do?

A
  • found in fortified milk, sun exposure
  • builds bone and teeth
45
Q

Where is vitamin E found? What does it do?

A
  • found in oils, nuts, seeds, fruits, vegetables
  • antioxidant and skin health
46
Q

Where is iron found? What does it do?

A
  • found in meats, egg yolks
  • necessary for RBC formation
47
Q

What is the function of water in the body?

A
  • maintains fluid balance
  • lubricates moving parts
  • dissolves chemical and nutrients
  • aids in digestion
  • transports nutrients and secretions
  • flushes out water
  • regulates body temperature
48
Q

What is it called when you drink too much water? What happens?

A
  • hyponatremia
  • low blood sodium levels
  • nausea
  • headache
  • confusion
  • fatigue
49
Q

How much of our body weight is water?

A

65%

50
Q

What is the diet for those with diabetes?

A
  • balanced diet
  • low sodium
  • sweets in moderation
  • calorie limitations
51
Q

What is the diet for those with cardiovascular disease?

A
  • reduce cholesterol
  • lower sodium
  • high fiber
  • little to no alcohol
52
Q

What is the diet for those with cancer?

A
  • high protein
  • vitamin supplements
  • frequent small meals
53
Q

What is the diet for those with GERD?

A
  • low fat
  • no spice
  • no coffee, mints, chocolate
  • no dairy
  • high fiber
54
Q

What is GERD?

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease

55
Q

What is anorexia nervosa?

A

starvation
- self-starvation
- fear of weight gain
- excessive exercising
- no menstrual periods

56
Q

What is treatment for anorexia nervosa?

A
  • restore normal nutrition
  • psychotherapy
  • education of nutrition concepts
57
Q

What is bulimia?

A

eating large amounts of food and purging
- consuming large amounts of food
- using bathroom immediately after eating
- laxative use

58
Q

What is the treatment for bulimia?

A
  • focus on eating healthy
  • counseling
  • psychotherapy

Medical Assisting (38 decks)

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