Respiratory System and Special Senses Flashcards
What are the organs of the respiratory system?
- nose
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchial tree
- lungs
What is the nose made of?
bones, cartilage, skin
What prevents particles from entering the nose?
small hairs (cilia)
Where is the pharynx?
back of the throat
What is the larynx?
voice box
What is the epiglottis?
flap that diverts throat contents to the trachea or esophagus
What is the trachea?
main airway that extends from larynx and branches into bronchi
- lined with cilia
- windpipe
What’s in the lungs?
bronchia, alveoli, blood vessels
Which lung is larger?
right lung
What are bronchi?
2 large tubes that carry air from the windpipe to the lungs
What is alveoli?
air sacs where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange
What surrounds the lungs?
pleura (membrane)
What are causes of altered breathing patterns?
- coughing
- sneezing
- laughing
- crying
- hiccups
- yawning
- speaking
What is the function of the respiratory system?
move air in and out of lungs
- respiratory and cardiovascular systems work together to deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
What is external respiration? Internal respiration?
external: exchange of oxygen within lungs
internal: exchange of oxygen with hemoglobin of a red blood cell
Why are respiratory volumes measured?
to assess health of respiratory system
What is tidal volume?
amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs during a normal breath
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled following a normal inhalation
What is expiratory reserve volume?
amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled following a normal exhalation
What is residual volume?
volume of air that always remains in the lungs even after a forceful exhalation
What is vital capacity?
amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after the deepest inhalation possible
What is total lung capacity?
total amount of air the lungs can hold
What is spirometry?
pulmonary function testing
- measures various lung functions
What is spirometry used for?
to diagnose asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
What is asthma?
inflammation in airways
- wheezing
- coughing
- tightness in chest
What is atelectasis?
collapse of part or all of a lung caused by a blockage of the air passages
- caused by COPD, pleurisy (inflamed pleura), lung cancer
What is bronchitis?
inflammation of the bronchi often due to infection
- yellow-gray/green mucus
- fever
- coughing
What is COPD?
group of lung disorders that limit airflow to lungs and usually cause enlargement of the alveoli
- caused by smoking and pollutants
What is emphysema?
damage to the alveoli from smoking
- most common types of COPD
What is legionnaires disease?
From legionella bacteria found in contaminated water of air conditioning systems
What is the sclera?
white portion of eye
What is pupil?
center opening
What is cornea?
clear covering in the center of the eye
What is iris?
colored portion
What is retina?
captures vision input
What is conjunctiva?
clear coating on the outside of the eye
What are the lens?
allows the eye to focus on objects at varying distances
What is accommodation?
ability of lens to change shape
What is refraction?
bending of light that enters the eye to focus it on the retina
- done by cornea
What is astigmatism?
cornea or lens with abnormal shape
What is myopia?
dysfunction of the lens
- nearsightedness
What is hyperopia?
dysfunction of lens
- farsightedness
What is blepharitis?
inflammation of the eyelid
What is pink eye?
conjunctivitis
What is the pinna?
auricle
- outer ear structure
What are the ossicles?
malleus, incus, stapes
- bones of the ear
What is the cochlea?
hearing receptor
What is the labyrinth?
inner ear
What is the organ of corti?
organ of hearing
What is the tympanic membrane?
eardrum
- sound waves cause it to vibrate
= separates outer ear from middle ear
- detects balance
What is the eustachain tube?
connects throat to the middle ear
What is hearing loss?
deafness
What is conductive hearing loss?
blockage of sound waves
What is sensorineural hearing loss?
damage to auditory nerve
What is cerumen (earwax) impaction?
buildup of wax within external auditory canal with some degree of hearing loss due to blocked sound waves
What is meniere’s disease?
inner ear problem
- starts in people between 30-50 years old
- dizziness
- ringing in the ear
- sensitivity to loud sounds
What is otosclerosis?
immobilization of the stapes due to scaring
- common cause of conductive hearing loss
- hardening of middle ear bone
What is presbycusis?
age-related hearing loss
What is otitis externa?
outer ear infection
- swimmer’s ear
What is otitis media?
middle ear infection
- needs antibiotics
What is otitis interna?
inner ear infection
What is tinnitus?
ringing or other noises in one or both of your ears
