Unit 8 Lesson 5: Genetic Mutations Produce Variation

Question 1

inheritable genetic variation

Answer 1

changes in genetic material that can be passed to offspring

Question 2

When can mutations hapem

Answer 2

Mutations, or the changing of the structure of a gene, can happen at the start of cellular division during replication.

Question 3

homologous chromosome

Answer 3

homologous chromosome – set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that pair up during meiosis

Question 4

DNA is replicated, or copied, before cells divide to make

Answer 4

homologous chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes are a set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that pair up during meiosis.

Question 5

Even though cell division and replication are highly regulated processes, sometimes mistakes are made. Usually, these mistakes are corrected by the cell. However, if these mistakes are not corrected, then a

Answer 5

mutation occurs

Question 6

The most common types of mutations include:

Answer 6

• substitutions: when one of the nucleotides in the DNA is switched for another
• insertions: when extra base pairs are added
• deletions: when base pairs are removed
• frameshift mutations: if there are fewer than three base pairs because a base pair has been inserted or deleted

Question 7

What is a frameshift mutation

Answer 7

When DNA is read to create proteins, the nucleotides are read in groups of three. If anything shifts the base pairs out of the groups of three, then the DNA could result in the wrong proteins or incomplete proteins being created, this is a frameshift mutation.

Question 8

When an egg cell and a sperm cell join, the new cell, called a zygote, will have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. whats a zygote

Answer 8

diploid cell that is created when the sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell

Question 9

Changes to chromosomes and DNA sequences can occur during meiosis by mechanisms such as: crossing over whats that

Answer 9

crossing–over: homologous chromosomes pair and exchange non-sister chromosome segments

Question 10

Changes to chromosomes and DNA sequences can occur during meiosis by mechanisms such as: independent assortment whats that

Answer 10

chromosomes are randomly separated during meiosis to form haploid cells

Question 11

Changes to chromosomes and DNA sequences can occur during meiosis by mechanisms such as: nondisjunction whats that

Answer 11

the failure of chromosomes to separate to opposite sides of the cell during anaphase of meiosis

Question 12

All cells made during meiosis are gametes, so these changes are inheritable genetic traits. What impact does this have on zygotes

Answer 12

When mutations prevent cells from working as expected, these zygotes will be aborted, or miscarried.

Question 13

Environmental factors are also a piece of evidence of how mutations are a source of genetic variation. Environmental factors can include:

Answer 13

• lifestyle choices, such as:
• diet,
• stress, and
• exercise,
• as well as exposure to:
• pollutants,
• toxins, and
• radiation.

Question 14

impact of envirometnal changes on DNA bonds

Answer 14

Environmental changes can break apart bonds that hold DNA together

Question 15

impact of epigenetic changes on DNA

Answer 15

epigenetic changes can add methyl groups to DNA and change how the proteins are made.

Question 16

How do mutation impact the process of transcrption

Answer 16

Mutations, or changes in DNA, lead to a corresponding change in RNA during the process of transcription.

Question 17

Mutations, or changes in DNA, lead to a corresponding change in RNA during the process of transcription. How does this impact translation

Answer 17

Then during translation, the change in RNA causes a change in the amino acids, which are building proteins.

Question 18

Mutations, or changes in DNA, lead to a corresponding change in RNA during the process of transcription. Then during translation, the change in RNA causes a change in the amino acids, which are building proteins. What imapct does this ahve overall

Answer 18

Because traits are determined by the structure and function of proteins, a change in a protein can result in a change in a trait or a genetic variation. Therefore, mutations are a source of new forms of genes or new combinations of genes—which is inheritable genetic variation.

Question 19

Use evidence to support the claim that mutations are a source of genetic variation.

Answer 19

Genetic variation starts as a genetic mutation. When a genetic mutation increases the ability of an organism to survive it is kept in the population through reproduction. Mutations create changes to proteins which, in turn, control traits.