Unit 5 Lesson 9: Cellular respiration Flashcards
What does glucose intereact with during cellular respiration
At each step, glucose molecules interact with NAD+, FAD+, and other compounds, making different-sized carbon compounds and releasing energy.
Cellular respiration breaks down the covalent bonds in sugar to do what
Cellular respiration breaks the covalent bonds in sugar molecules to make new bonds in the products, CO2 , H2O , and ATP.
Cellular respiration breaks the covalent bonds in sugar molecules to make new bonds in the products, CO2
, H20 , and ATP. When is energy relased?
Because energy is stored in these bonds, it is only released when these bonds are broken
Does breaking chemical bonds require enrgy
Energy is also needed to break chemical bonds.
What does the cell need to get glycolysis started
In the human body, the cell needs a little spark of energy, from ATP, to get the glycolysis reactions started.
It takes ? to break bonds, and ? is released when bonds are formed
energy
Which one makes more energy the creation of the bonds in the pyruvic acids made by glycoylis or the breaking bonds in the glucose?
In the end, the creation of the bonds in the pyruvic acids made by glycolysis makes more energy than the breaking bonds in the glucose.
How much ATP is needed to start glycolysis and how much atre made
During glycolysis 2 ATP molecules are used to start the reaction, but a total of 4 ATPs are made, making a net of 2 ATP molecules
During glycolysis 2 ATP molecules are used to start the reaction, but a total of 4 ATPs are made, making a net of 2 ATP molecules. What is this kind of reaction called and why
This kind of reaction is called an exothermic reaction, because it makes more energy than it uses.
What is the exact menaing of exothermic reaction
chemical reaction that results in heat given off as a product because the energy required to break bonds is less than the energy required to make new bonds
Why arent ATP, FADH2, and NADH realiable enrgy courses depite containg lots of chemical energy
ATP, FADH2, and NADH have lots of chemical energy, but the molecules are not stable for long-term storage. An organism uses the energy available in ATP and NADH quickly.
What happens when NAD+ and FAD+ pick up electrons and become NADH and FADH2
When NAD+ and FAD+ pick up electrons and become NADH and FADH2, they gain a hydrogen atom (or more
What is it called When a reaction gains or loses electrons
When a reaction gains or loses electrons, it is called an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction.
What happens to NAD+ and FAD+ during the electron tranport chain
When they lose electrons at the electron transport chain, they also lose hydrogen atoms.
What is an oxidation reaction
A reaction that loses electrons is an oxidation reaction
What is the exact meaning of oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction
a chemical reaction that involves transferring electrons between two or more atoms
What is a reduction reaction
A reaction that gains electrons is a reduction reaction because it becomes more negative (reduction in net charge).
What does oxidized mean
So, oxidized means losing an electron and reduced means gaining an electron.
What do atoms strive to have
Atoms strive to have no charge (neutral), but in nature atoms can have a net positive or net negative charge.
How do atoms become neura
To become neutral atoms will either take or give away electrons.
Some atoms and molecules are electronegative, and want to gather electrons from negative ions as much as possible.
electronegative
atoms and molecules that tend to acquire electrons in chemical reactions
How do other atoms and molecules give up electrons
Other atoms and molecules give up electrons easily. It doesn’t take a lot of energy to break the bond.
How much energy may be needed to break bond between electron and atom
It can take a lot of energy to break the bond between electron and atom.
IS hydrogen electronegative compared to other compunds?
Hydrogen is usually less electronegative than the organic compounds, like carbon and oxygen, that it bonds to.
What happens do hydrogens electons
So, those atoms and compounds will become reduced because they will bond to the hydrogen’s electrons.
Is oxygen electronegative?
Oxygen is very electronegative, and it bonds to the electrons from other molecules tightly.
Is water a stable or electrongetive
Water is a very stable compound.
What makes oxygen to have a slightly negative charge and hydrogen to have a slightly positve
Oxygen pulls on electrons, keeping them closer to it than to the hydrogens to which those electrons came from. This makes the oxygen have a slightly negative charge, and the hydrogens slightly positive.
How much water do molecules need to break aprt
Water molecules need a lot of energy to break apart.
When do atoms have a higher energy level
In general, atoms have a higher energy level when they are bonded with atoms that are less electronegative, like hydrogen or carbon.
When do atoms have a lower enrgy level
They have a lower energy level when they are bonded with atoms that are more electronegative, like oxygen.
What happens when glucose is broken down
As glucose is broken down, it goes through a series of oxidation reactions. The product of each reaction has a lower energy level than the reactants. The carbons in glucose are bonded with many hydrogens, so glucose acts as a hydrogen and an electron donor. It can be oxidized.
CO@ and electonrs
Carbon dioxide is not an electron donor—it is only bonded to oxygen. Oxygen in the glucose molecules will gain hydrogens, becoming reduced. So, the energy in glucose comes from the hydrogens, which easily break away from glucose to make water with the oxygen molecules.
What happens when the bonds of a molece are broken
When the bonds of a molecule like glucose are broken, energy is released. Electrons move to a lower-energy level, as they move from glucose (reactant) to oxygen in the water and carbon dioxide (products), releasing its energy as it moves.
what happens to elctons during electrong transport chain
As electrons move down the electron transport chain toward oxygen, their energy is released, and they have a lower energy level. The energy that is released is used to attach a phosphate group to ADP, making ATP.
What are two reactants that are used in the process of cellular respiration?
oxygen and sugar
Where does the energy come from to start the glycolysis process?
Glycolysis uses 2 ATPs to get the reactions started.
Which of the following statements does NOT explain why energy is released during cellular respiration?
Electrons move from a high energy state to a lower energy state.
Hydrogens form strong bonds with oxygen.
Carbon forms strong bonds with oxygen.
ATP is converted to ADP.
ATP is converted to ADP.
The energy of cellular respiration inputs is often ______ the outputs.
higher than
lower than
equal to
less important than
higher than
Glucose is broken down in a series of ______.
oxidation reactions
Why are the chemical bonds in glucose pretty easy to break (why do they require small amounts of energy to break)?
Hydrogen is usually less electronegative. When it forms bonds with carbon, these bonds contain a lot of energy. The carbons in glucose are connected to many hydrogens, so glucose acts as a hydrogen and an electron donor. The energy in glucose comes from the hydrogens, which easily break away from the glucose.
Why are the bonds in water hard to break?
The oxygen in water is very electronegative, and it holds on to the hydrogens very tightly.
Lactic acid fermentation can be modeled by this equation:
Pyruvic acid + NADH → Lactic acid + NAD+
process of lactic fermentation
During lactic acid fermentation, glycolysis changes glucose into two pyruvic acids. This makes a net 2 ATPs and 2 NADHs. The next step is fermentation where the pyruvic acid molecules then use 2 NADHs to make two 3-carbon molecules of lactic acid. The NAD+s are sent back through glycolysis, where they are used to make more ATPs. The lactic acid is a byproduct of this process.
purpose of lactic acid fermantaion
The purpose of lactic acid fermentation is to produce NAD+ that can be used to make more ATP. It results in short bursts of energy that usually last less than about 90 seconds. Lactic acid works to provide energy during anaerobic respiration because the body is not getting enough oxygen to undergo aerobic respiration. However, this process results in extra lactic acid that builds up in the muscles and blood causing a burning sensation in the muscle. After the sprint, the athlete will need to breathe heavily for several minutes, giving their body the extra oxygen needed to get rid of the lactic acid through other metabolic processes.
Lactic acid fermentation of glucose makes
lactic acid and NAD+
In the food industry, humans use microorganisms to make certain fermented foods, such as yogurt, sour cream, cheese, pickles, and sourdough bread.
Include the food item, microorganism name, how the food is made, and a description of the fermentation process.
In the first picture, cucumbers are used to make pickles through a process known as pickling. The cucumbers (or other vegetables) are covered in a brine solution. Within a day or so the lactobacillus bacteria (naturally living on the vegetables) begin to multiply and digest the sugars from the vegetables and make lactic acid.
In the second picture, a starter bacteria (usually from the Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, or Streptococcus families) is put into milk. The strain of bacteria is chosen depending on the type of cheese the maker wants to make. The bacteria ferment the milk sugar lactose to lactic acid.
Fermentation of glucose by yeast produces
ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide
