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Biology > Unit 5 Lesson 8: Making and breaking Bonds for Energy > Flashcards

Unit 5 Lesson 8: Making and breaking Bonds for Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

Cellular Respiration is the process of combining food molecules with oxygen and using the chemical energy from these molecules to power all the activities that sustain life.

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2
Q

What is cellular respiration also called

A

Aerobic respiration

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3
Q

Why is cellular respiration also called aerobic respiration

A

Because cellular respiration needs oxygen, it is also called aerobic respiration.

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4
Q

What is aerobic respiration

A

Aerobic respiration uses matter from the food we eat and from the oxygen in the atmosphere to fuel our bodies.

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5
Q

What

What are the products of cellular respiration

A

The products of cellular respiration are energy—which is used by the body— water, carbon dioxide, and heat, which are released from the body as waste products.

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6
Q

What is the equation of cellular espiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + Energy

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7
Q

When oxygen in avaliable where does cellular respiration happen

A

when oxygen is available, cellular respiration happens in the cytoplasm and in the mitochondria of each plant and animal cell.

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8
Q

cytoplasm

A

the gel-like fluid that fills a cell and holds the organelles in place

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9
Q

mitochondria

A

energy producing structure of the cell; organelle where food is converted to usable energy; the powerhouse of the cell

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10
Q

The process of cellular respiration has three steps:

A

glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.

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11
Q

Where does cellular respiration start

A

Cellular respiration starts in the cytoplasm of the cell and without oxygen.

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12
Q

This first step is called glycolysis. What is the defintion of glycolysis

A

the first step in breaking down glucose into two pyruvic acid molecules to extract the chemical energy for cell processes

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13
Q

Why are 2 ATPs used in the first part glycolysis stage

A

One glucose (6-carbons) is broken into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvic acid. A little bit of activation energy is needed to start the process so 2 ATPs are used.

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14
Q

What happens to the 2 ATPs dring the glycolysis stage

A

They lose energy and become ADP.

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15
Q

How are 4 new ATPS made during the glycolysis stage

A

When the glucose molecule breaks and reforms, the bonds release a small amount of energy, allowing for 4 new ATPs to be made.

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16
Q

What roles does NAD+ and NADH have in the glycolysis stage?

A

Four high-energy electrons are released. They are very high energy and are passed on to NAD+ to form 2 NADH. NADH can carry the high-energy electrons to other parts of the cell.

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17
Q

What does glycolysis make for each glucose molecule

A

Glycolysis makes NET 2 ATPs and 2 NADH for each glucose molecule.

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18
Q

What is the equation for glycolysis

A

Equation: C6H12O6 + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+ →2 Pyruvate +4 ATP + 2 NADH

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19
Q

What is ATP

A

adenosine tri-phosphate; a molecule that carries energy inside cells; it is the energy currency of a cell.

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20
Q

What is ADP

A

adenosine di-phosphate; a lower energy, intermediate molecule used to convert to ATP by adding a third phosphate group

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21
Q

What is NAD+

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; an electron carrier molecule that accepts two high-energy electrons and one hydrogen ion to become NADH

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22
Q

What is NADH

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidehydrogen; electron carrying molecule that donates electrons and hydrogens

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23
Q

What is the second step of cellular respiration

A

the krebs cycle

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24
Q

What is the Krebs cycle

A

the second step in breaking down glucose during cellular respiration, in which the products of glycolysis undergo several chemical reactions that release energy in the form of ATP, NADH and FADH2, and water and carbon dioxide as waste products

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25
Q

The next step is the Krebs cycle, sometimes called the

A

citric acid cycle

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26
Q

Where does the Krebs Cycles happen

A

The Krebs cycle happens inside the matrix of the mitochondria.

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27
Q

Where do the 2 pyruvic acid moleclues go during the Kerbs cycle

A

The two pyruvic acid molecules go into the mitochondria.

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28
Q

What happens in step 1 of the Kerbs cycles (What happens to the 3 carbon pryuvic acid molece)

A

Step 1: Each 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecule is broken into a carbon dioxide (one carbon and two oxygens) and into a 2-carbon acetyl group.

Pyruvic acid →CO2 +2−carbon acetyl group

29
Q

What happens in step 1 part 2 of the Kerbs cycles (What happens to the 3 carbon pryuvic acid molece)

A

The 2-carbon acetyl group bonds with an enzyme found in the mitochondria, Coenzyme A, to make acetyl-CoA (another carbon-based compound). Two high-energy electrons are released and passed on to 2 NAD+ to form 2 NADH. So far, the products of each pyruvic acid are one CO2 and one acetyl-CoA.
−carbon acetyl group + Coenzyme A+ 2 NAD+ →acetyl−CoA + 2 NADH

30
Q

What happens during step 2-10 of the Kerbs cycle

A

Steps 2-10: Acetyl-CoA joins with a larger 4-carbon molecule called oxaloacetic acid to form a 6-carbon compound called citric acid.

Acetyl−CoA + oxaloacetice acid→citric acid

31
Q

What happens to ctric acid molecules during the Krebs scycle

A

During the Krebs cycle, each citric acid molecule is changed in a series of chemical reactions until it becomes that 4-carbon oxaloacetic acid again, which starts the cycle all over again.

32
Q

During the Krebs cycle, each citric acid molecule is changed in a series of chemical reactions until it becomes that 4-carbon oxaloacetic acid again, which starts the cycle all over again.
What happens during this cycle what do these molecules intereact with

A

During the cycle, these molecules interact with many other proteins/enzymes and make compounds like amino acids, coenzyme Q, ATP, NAD+, and carbon dioxide.

33
Q

What happens duiring the Krebs cycle

A

. Two CO2 molecules are released. Energy is released as ATP, NADH and a third carrier called FADH2 every time the molecules are broken and new ones are formed.

34
Q

What is the end result of the Krebs cycle

A

Each pyruvic acid molecule that goes through the cycle makes one ATP, 3 NADHs and 1 FADH2. Since two pyruvic acid molecules go through the Krebs cycle at the same time, the Krebs cycle total is 2 ATPs, 6 NADHs and 2 FADH2s for each glucose molecule.

35
Q

FADH2

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide, an electron carrying molecule that donates electrons and hydrogens

36
Q

What is the third step of cellular respiration

A

The third step in cellular respiration is the Electron Transport Chain. I

37
Q

What is the Electron transport chain

A

the last step in breaking down glucose during cellular respiration in which several proteins embedded in the membrane of mitochondria transfer electrons, creating a charge gradient that drives the formation of ATP

38
Q

What does the elctron transport chain require

A

oxygen

39
Q

What happens to the elctrons that were realesed by the previous stages. How does the electron transport chain use this

A

The electrons that were released during glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle are carried by NADH and FADH2 to the membrane of the mitochondrion. The electron transport chain uses these high-energy electrons to make ATP from ADP.

40
Q

What happens to the NADH and FADH2

A

The inner membrane of the mitochondrion has several electron carriers within it. The electrons from the NADH and FADH2 are moved from carrier to carrier.

41
Q

How is water made during the electron transport chain

A

At the end of the chain, an enzyme combines 4 hydrogen ions, 2 oxygen ions, and 4 electrons to make water.

42
Q

What happens when water bonds are formed

A

When the water bonds are formed, a large amount of energy is released.

43
Q

How is energy mad ein the electron transport chain

A

For every two high-energy electrons that get moved down the chain, energy is made.

44
Q

For every two high-energy electrons that get moved down the chain, energy is made. How is this energy used

A

This energy is used to push the hydrogen ions through the membrane.

45
Q

How is a gradient made

A

A gradient is made where the inside of the mitochondrion is positively charged.

46
Q

A gradient is made where the inside of the mitochondrion is positively charged. What does this result in

A

This makes the hydrogen ions go back into the mitochondria through a protein called ATP synthase.

47
Q

When does ATP synthase rotate

A

ATP synthase rotates every time a hydrogen ion goes through.

48
Q

ATP synthase rotates every time a hydrogen ion goes through. What does this result in

A

The energy of this action adds another phosphate group to an ADP, creating ATP.

49
Q

What does electron tranpsort chain realse

A

The electron transport chain releases about 32 ATPs for each glucose molecule.

50
Q

ATP Synthase

A

a protein that creates ATP from ADP during photosynthesis

51
Q

What are two reactants that are used in the process of cellular respiration?

A

Oxygen and sugar are the two main reactants in cellular respiration.

52
Q

In which organelle does cellular respiration occur?

A

mitochondrion

53
Q

What gas is given off as a waste product during cellular respiration?

A

c. carbon dioxide

54
Q

List the products of the Krebs cycle.

A

carbon dioxide, NADPH, FADH2, ATP

54
Q

Which 3-carbon molecule is one of the final products of glycolysis?

A

pyruvic acid

54
Q

Explain what the oxygen is used for (what molecule is made when hydrogens are added to oxygen) in the electron transport chain?

A

Oxygen is combined with hydrogens and electrons to make water molecules. When bonds in water molecules are formed large amounts of energy are released.

55
Q

What can happen if a person doesn’t have enough food to eat, or is on a low-calorie diet, usually done to lose weight.

A

Aerobic respiration takes chemical energy stored in food and changes it to a form that can be used or stored by the cells in your body. The body breaks down glucose and can break down other fuels, like fat stored in the body.

56
Q

Fats are broken down in the liver into two parts:

A

a 3-carbon molecule called glycerol and fatty acid tails.

57
Q

Fats are broken down in the liver into two parts: a 3-carbon molecule called glycerol and fatty acid tails. Where are these used

A

Fats are broken down in the liver into two parts: a 3-carbon molecule called glycerol and fatty acid tails. Each of these parts then enters the aerobic respiration process at different stages of the cycle.

58
Q

How does Glycerol throught cellular respiration

A

Glycerol is changed into one of the molecules used during glycolysis, which makes it easy for the molecule to enter the cellular respiration process there.

59
Q

How do fatty acids change throughout cellular respiration

A

. The fatty acid tails go through a series of chemical reactions which change them into acetyl CoA molecules. These acetyl CoA molecules can then enter the cellular respiration pathway at the Krebs cycle.

60
Q

When do fats enter the aerobic respiration process?

A

During glycolysis and during the Krebs cycle.

61
Q

What happens to fats before they can be used as fuel for cellular respiration?

A

They are broken down into fatty acid chains and glycerol.

62
Q

Why does the body need other ways for fueling cellular processes?

A

The body needs other ways for several reasons. Organisms do not only eat carbohydrates all the time. There needs to be another way to obtain energy for cells if food is limited or scarce.

63
Q

Research and explain how proteins, in general, are broken down and where they enter into the aerobic respiration process.

A

The amino group is removed in the form of ammonia (NH3)
, which is released by the body as waste. After this, the different amino acids can enter the aerobic respiration cycle at many places, depending on the rest of the amino acid structure. For example, alanine can enter during glycolysis but asparagine enters during the Krebs cycle, as oxaloacetic acid.

64
Q

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38
ATP is the equation for __________.

A

b. cellular respiration

65
Q

Which stage of cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen produces ATP and NADH
and releases CO2?

glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
electron transport chain
fermentation

A

b. Krebs Cycle

66
Q

What molecule is needed for the electron transport chain to work during cellular respiration?

A

oxygen

66
Q
A

Biology (31 decks)

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