Unit 7 Lesson 3: Inputs and Outputs of Mitosis

Question 1

mitosis

Answer 1

a type of cell division in which a parent cell copies itself, resulting in two identical daughter cells. Mitosis is the form of cell division used in all cell growth except sexual reproduction.

Question 2

In complex organims what is responsible for repairing damaged tissues and helping an organism grow.

Answer 2

In complex organisms, mitosis is responsible for repairing damaged tissues and helping an organism grow.

Question 3

Mitosis is a type of

Answer 3

cell division

Question 4

What happens during mitosis

Answer 4

During mitosis, one cell duplicates all its parts and genetic information and then splits to form two identical cells where one had been before. Human cells formed in mitosis are diploid, which means they contain two of each chromosome, one from each parent. Like any other complex organism, your own body uses those new cells both to grow and to repair or replace damaged tissues.

Question 5

One of the key differences between mitosis in yeast and eukaryotic cells is the

Answer 5

output

Question 6

One of the key differences between mitosis in yeast and eukaryotic cells is the output. Elaborate

Answer 6

Both start with a parent cell, but after mitosis in yeast, you are left with one parent cell and one daughter cell. After mitosis in eukaryotic cells, the product is two daughter cells

Question 7

Yeast cell and eukaryotic cell difference in nucleus formation

Answer 7

The nucleus of the yeast cell is formed and moved before the cells are separated, while the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell forms during the last step of mitosis.

Question 8

Cells that are growing, dividing, or preparing to grow or divide are operating within what phase

Answer 8

interphase

Question 9

Mitosis occurs after

Answer 9

G2
of interphase.

Question 10

Every eukaryotic cell has a nucleus where its genetic information is contained in

Answer 10

he threadlike DNA structures called chromosomes.

Question 11

The chromosomes make up sets, one from each

Answer 11

parent

Question 12

What happpens during replication

Answer 12

During replication, a cell copies the genetic information in its nucleus. This leaves two identical sets of chromosomes in the original nucleus. The cell then splits the copied chromosomes apart to form a new nucleus in an identical cell. Both cells are then ready to replicate once more or move to be specialized to carry out specific functions in the body.

Question 13

In complex organisms, cells must replicate quickly in order to maintain body function, but no cell can replicate forever. What is senescence?

Answer 13

. When a cell is unable to replicate any longer, it is in a state of senescence. In senescence, cellular reproduction stops.

Question 14

Do cells have the same life spans

Answer 14

Different kinds of cells have different life spans.

Question 15

Different kinds of cells have different life spans. Elaboarte

Answer 15

Some cells become senescent soon after replication. Other cells may continue to replicate for long periods before senescence sets in.

Question 16

After mitosis, cells may go through another phase to become more specialized. Where do cell specilaize

Answer 16

Cells specialize in a process called differentiation

Question 17

What is the process in which instructions in DNA determine the function of the cell. is used to produce protein or other functional product.

Answer 17

differentiation

Question 18

The DNA inside a cell’s chromosomes contains information that controls

Answer 18

processes in the cell.

Question 19

A cell’s specialization depends on what parts of its DNA are being actively “read.” Elaborate

Answer 19

Though every daughter cell produced through mitosis inherits the same DNA from its parent cell, not every cell will use the same pieces of that DNA. If DNA was a book, some cells would read from chapter 1, while others would skip that and go straight to chapter 6. A cell’s specialization depends on what parts of its DNA are being actively “read.”

Question 20

What happens to stem cells during differentiaion

Answer 20

During differentiation the stem cells, or less specialized cells, of an organism process different sections of DNA. This allows the cells to become specialized to carry out specific functions.

Question 21

How are stem cells able to produce different proteins that alllow the cells to specialize?

Answer 21

By turning on or off the parts of the DNA script that are read, stem cells produce different proteins that allow the cells to specialize.

Question 22

gene expression

Answer 22

the process in which instructions in DNA are used to produce a protein or other functional product

Question 23

In a complex organism such as a human body, gene expression is determined by various factors. Elaborate

Answer 23

These include the environment, types of nearby cells, and chemical signals within the body

Question 24

What happens when one skins ones knee

Answer 24

When you skin your knee, the damaged tissue sends a signal; this is an environmental factor.

Question 25

When you skin your knee, the damaged tissue sends a signal; this is an environmental factor. What does the signal do

Answer 25

That signal causes your body to produce the different cells needed at the knee for healing

Question 26

When you skin your knee, the damaged tissue sends a signal. How do stem cells react to replace the lost blood

Answer 26

Your stem cells begin reproducing and differentiating into specialized cells, including fibroblasts (cells that make tissue) and blood cells to replace the lost blood and removed skin.

Question 27

How will the knee heal

Answer 27

The new fibroblasts move to your knee where the new connective tissue and tiny blood vessels fill the wound. Your body continues to produce these new cells until your knee is healed.

Question 28

When a cell has differentiated, it may be able to replicate itself. What does this allow differentiated cells to do

Answer 28

This allows differentiated cells to repair and maintain body functions.

Question 29

Can all differentiated cells replicate

Answer 29

However, not all differentiated cells are able to replicate, and some cannot replicate often.

Question 30

How do Skin cells, blood cells, and cells lining the digestive tract replicate

Answer 30

Skin cells, blood cells, and cells lining the digestive tract, for example, have a short life span and quickly become senescent (unable to replicate).

Question 31

What can happen if damaged cells were able to contuinte to repliacte

Answer 31

Serious health issues would result if the damaged cells were able to continue to replicate.

Question 32

. Damaged skin cells becoming senescent allows for

Answer 32

new stem cells to take its place

Question 33

When is a cell considered to have left the cell cycle

Answer 33

When cells stop replicating, they are considered to have left the cell cycle.

Question 34

when is a cell said to have undergone terminal differentiation

Answer 34

When a cell stops cycling and is no longer able to replicate itself, it is said to have undergone terminal differentiation.

Question 35

What does termianl differentiation mean to a complex organism

Answer 35

In a complex organism, terminal differentiation is not usually reversible but can be reversed in laboratory conditions.

Question 36

What are some cells in complex organisms that have undergone terminal diffferentiation

Answer 36

Within complex organisms, heart and neural cells are examples of cells that have undergone terminal differentiation.

Question 37

Some cells, on the other hand, maintain their ability to replicate but enter a phase called

Answer 37

quiescence

Question 38

What are quiescent cells

Answer 38

. Quiescent cells are differentiated cells that can replicate but have left the cell cycle and are not currently dividing or preparing to divide.

Question 39

What happens when a quiescent cell reenters the cell cycle

Answer 39

A quiescent cell reenters the cell cycle when it is required for repair or replenishment.

Question 40

Cell types such as fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and the epithelial cells found in most internal organs all experience

Answer 40

quiescence

Question 41

What is the importance of cellular differentiation for multicellular organisms?

Answer 41

Differentiation allows cells to change from one type to another, which makes it possible for multicellular organisms to grow and repair themselves.

Question 42

What factors influence gene expression?

Answer 42

Changes in environment, in nearby cells, and in chemical information within the body all influence cell fate.

Question 43

What kinds of cells are self replications

Answer 43

• Multipotent stem cells are self replicating and can also differentiate to more specialized cells.
  *

Question 44

What kind of cels involve Stem cell replication

Answer 44

skin cells and blood cells

Question 45

What kind of cells invlove No Replication in Adult Multicellular Organisms

Answer 45

Totipotent stem cells and heart cells

Question 46

Why do you think cells sometimes drop out of the cell cycle? What advantages could there be in quiescence?

Answer 46

Different cells have different spans in which they will be viable. A cell that comes to the end of its viability becomes senescent and can no longer replicate. Quiescence acts as a pause button on cellular viability, allowing cells to reenter the cell cycle only when they are needed.

Question 47

Why does mitosis always produce two cells?

Answer 47

Since chromosomes are doubled in each replication, two nuclei can be created for each division.

Question 48

What parts of a cell are duplicated in mitosis?

Answer 48

During mitosis, all of a cell’s genetic material is duplicated.

Question 49

For the problem of feeding the planet, scientists have turned to

Answer 49

cellular agriculture

Question 50

How is celluar argicutlrue being used

Answer 50

Using in-vitro cell cultures, technologists are working to bring steaks to market that haven’t come from a cow.

Question 51

How is lab growed meat made

Answer 51

To make lab-grown meat, scientists begin by taking a cell sample from a living animal. The starter cells collected in this way are always stem cells, which are then encouraged to differentiate. The collected cells are then placed in a nutrient solution designed to encourage rapid proliferation. Once the cells have proliferated, they are removed from the nutrient solution. This causes them to differentiate into primitive muscle cells. The cells are placed in a scaffolding that encourages them to develop in strips (similar in the way that muscle tissue grows into long fibers). The scaffolding stretches and exercises the fibers, encouraging the cells to increase in size. Fibers can then be harvested and cooked in precisely the way one would cook ground beef.

Question 52

Why might removing stem cells from their nutrient bath cause them to differentiate?

Answer 52

Changes in external environmental conditions are one of the things that trigger gene expression.

Question 53

Why are stem cells used as the starter cells for cultured meat?

Answer 53

Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into any kind of cell.

Question 54

How might scientists produce the ingredients they need for the nutrient bath?

Answer 54

Since animal stem cells are already being successfully harvested to culture meat, they might also be used to culture blood.

Question 55

What factors could help reduce the number of animal products found in cultured meat?

Answer 55

Since stem cells proliferate rapidly, a single stem cell from a single animal could potentially grow an infinite amount of cultured meat. The same cell might be used to culture blood for the nutrient bath.