Unit 7 Lesson 3: Inputs and Outputs of Mitosis Flashcards
mitosis
a type of cell division in which a parent cell copies itself, resulting in two identical daughter cells. Mitosis is the form of cell division used in all cell growth except sexual reproduction.
In complex organims what is responsible for repairing damaged tissues and helping an organism grow.
In complex organisms, mitosis is responsible for repairing damaged tissues and helping an organism grow.
Mitosis is a type of
cell division
What happens during mitosis
During mitosis, one cell duplicates all its parts and genetic information and then splits to form two identical cells where one had been before. Human cells formed in mitosis are diploid, which means they contain two of each chromosome, one from each parent. Like any other complex organism, your own body uses those new cells both to grow and to repair or replace damaged tissues.
One of the key differences between mitosis in yeast and eukaryotic cells is the
output
One of the key differences between mitosis in yeast and eukaryotic cells is the output. Elaborate
Both start with a parent cell, but after mitosis in yeast, you are left with one parent cell and one daughter cell. After mitosis in eukaryotic cells, the product is two daughter cells
Yeast cell and eukaryotic cell difference in nucleus formation
The nucleus of the yeast cell is formed and moved before the cells are separated, while the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell forms during the last step of mitosis.
Cells that are growing, dividing, or preparing to grow or divide are operating within what phase
interphase
Mitosis occurs after
G2
of interphase.
Every eukaryotic cell has a nucleus where its genetic information is contained in
he threadlike DNA structures called chromosomes.
The chromosomes make up sets, one from each
parent
What happpens during replication
During replication, a cell copies the genetic information in its nucleus. This leaves two identical sets of chromosomes in the original nucleus. The cell then splits the copied chromosomes apart to form a new nucleus in an identical cell. Both cells are then ready to replicate once more or move to be specialized to carry out specific functions in the body.
In complex organisms, cells must replicate quickly in order to maintain body function, but no cell can replicate forever. What is senescence?
. When a cell is unable to replicate any longer, it is in a state of senescence. In senescence, cellular reproduction stops.
Do cells have the same life spans
Different kinds of cells have different life spans.
Different kinds of cells have different life spans. Elaboarte
Some cells become senescent soon after replication. Other cells may continue to replicate for long periods before senescence sets in.
After mitosis, cells may go through another phase to become more specialized. Where do cell specilaize
Cells specialize in a process called differentiation
What is the process in which instructions in DNA determine the function of the cell. is used to produce protein or other functional product.
differentiation
The DNA inside a cell’s chromosomes contains information that controls
processes in the cell.
A cell’s specialization depends on what parts of its DNA are being actively “read.” Elaborate
Though every daughter cell produced through mitosis inherits the same DNA from its parent cell, not every cell will use the same pieces of that DNA. If DNA was a book, some cells would read from chapter 1, while others would skip that and go straight to chapter 6. A cell’s specialization depends on what parts of its DNA are being actively “read.”
What happens to stem cells during differentiaion
During differentiation the stem cells, or less specialized cells, of an organism process different sections of DNA. This allows the cells to become specialized to carry out specific functions.
How are stem cells able to produce different proteins that alllow the cells to specialize?
By turning on or off the parts of the DNA script that are read, stem cells produce different proteins that allow the cells to specialize.
gene expression
the process in which instructions in DNA are used to produce a protein or other functional product
In a complex organism such as a human body, gene expression is determined by various factors. Elaborate
These include the environment, types of nearby cells, and chemical signals within the body
What happens when one skins ones knee
When you skin your knee, the damaged tissue sends a signal; this is an environmental factor.
When you skin your knee, the damaged tissue sends a signal; this is an environmental factor. What does the signal do
That signal causes your body to produce the different cells needed at the knee for healing
When you skin your knee, the damaged tissue sends a signal. How do stem cells react to replace the lost blood
Your stem cells begin reproducing and differentiating into specialized cells, including fibroblasts (cells that make tissue) and blood cells to replace the lost blood and removed skin.
How will the knee heal
The new fibroblasts move to your knee where the new connective tissue and tiny blood vessels fill the wound. Your body continues to produce these new cells until your knee is healed.
When a cell has differentiated, it may be able to replicate itself. What does this allow differentiated cells to do
This allows differentiated cells to repair and maintain body functions.
Can all differentiated cells replicate
However, not all differentiated cells are able to replicate, and some cannot replicate often.
How do Skin cells, blood cells, and cells lining the digestive tract replicate
Skin cells, blood cells, and cells lining the digestive tract, for example, have a short life span and quickly become senescent (unable to replicate).
What can happen if damaged cells were able to contuinte to repliacte
Serious health issues would result if the damaged cells were able to continue to replicate.
. Damaged skin cells becoming senescent allows for
new stem cells to take its place
When is a cell considered to have left the cell cycle
When cells stop replicating, they are considered to have left the cell cycle.
when is a cell said to have undergone terminal differentiation
When a cell stops cycling and is no longer able to replicate itself, it is said to have undergone terminal differentiation.
What does termianl differentiation mean to a complex organism
In a complex organism, terminal differentiation is not usually reversible but can be reversed in laboratory conditions.
What are some cells in complex organisms that have undergone terminal diffferentiation
Within complex organisms, heart and neural cells are examples of cells that have undergone terminal differentiation.
Some cells, on the other hand, maintain their ability to replicate but enter a phase called
quiescence
What are quiescent cells
. Quiescent cells are differentiated cells that can replicate but have left the cell cycle and are not currently dividing or preparing to divide.
What happens when a quiescent cell reenters the cell cycle
A quiescent cell reenters the cell cycle when it is required for repair or replenishment.
Cell types such as fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and the epithelial cells found in most internal organs all experience
quiescence
What is the importance of cellular differentiation for multicellular organisms?
Differentiation allows cells to change from one type to another, which makes it possible for multicellular organisms to grow and repair themselves.
What factors influence gene expression?
Changes in environment, in nearby cells, and in chemical information within the body all influence cell fate.
What kinds of cells are self replications
- Multipotent stem cells are self replicating and can also differentiate to more specialized cells.
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What kind of cels involve Stem cell replication
skin cells and blood cells
What kind of cells invlove No Replication in Adult Multicellular Organisms
Totipotent stem cells and heart cells
Why do you think cells sometimes drop out of the cell cycle? What advantages could there be in quiescence?
Different cells have different spans in which they will be viable. A cell that comes to the end of its viability becomes senescent and can no longer replicate. Quiescence acts as a pause button on cellular viability, allowing cells to reenter the cell cycle only when they are needed.
Why does mitosis always produce two cells?
Since chromosomes are doubled in each replication, two nuclei can be created for each division.
What parts of a cell are duplicated in mitosis?
During mitosis, all of a cell’s genetic material is duplicated.
For the problem of feeding the planet, scientists have turned to
cellular agriculture
How is celluar argicutlrue being used
Using in-vitro cell cultures, technologists are working to bring steaks to market that haven’t come from a cow.
How is lab growed meat made
To make lab-grown meat, scientists begin by taking a cell sample from a living animal. The starter cells collected in this way are always stem cells, which are then encouraged to differentiate. The collected cells are then placed in a nutrient solution designed to encourage rapid proliferation. Once the cells have proliferated, they are removed from the nutrient solution. This causes them to differentiate into primitive muscle cells. The cells are placed in a scaffolding that encourages them to develop in strips (similar in the way that muscle tissue grows into long fibers). The scaffolding stretches and exercises the fibers, encouraging the cells to increase in size. Fibers can then be harvested and cooked in precisely the way one would cook ground beef.
Why might removing stem cells from their nutrient bath cause them to differentiate?
Changes in external environmental conditions are one of the things that trigger gene expression.
Why are stem cells used as the starter cells for cultured meat?
Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into any kind of cell.
How might scientists produce the ingredients they need for the nutrient bath?
Since animal stem cells are already being successfully harvested to culture meat, they might also be used to culture blood.
What factors could help reduce the number of animal products found in cultured meat?
Since stem cells proliferate rapidly, a single stem cell from a single animal could potentially grow an infinite amount of cultured meat. The same cell might be used to culture blood for the nutrient bath.
