Unit 3 Lesson 2: Cycling of Matter and Energy Flashcards
matter
anything that takes up space and has mass
Role of matter
r. Matter fuels the chemical reactions that provide energy for the processes of life and provides the material for growth and repair of cells and tissues
Organisms are classified as either ? or ? depending on how they obtain this matter and chemical energy (food) from their environment.
Organisms are classified as either autotrophs or heterotrophs depending on how they obtain this matter and chemical energy (food) from their environment.
What must be present to move matter
In order to move matter, energy needs to be present. Both matter and energy can be cycled through ecosystems.
Matter is anything that takes up space, has mass, and follows the law of conservation of mass. What is that
. This law states that matter cannot be created or destroyed, it is simply changed from one form to another.
What is true about the matter on Earth billions of years ago
s. The same matter that has sustained life on Earth for billions of years is the same matter that exists now, just in a different form.
Organisms that produce their own food, such as plants, algae, and some bacteria, are called
autotrophs
autotroph
an organism that captures energy to produce its own food and provide the foundation of the food supply for other organisms
What kind of process is photocynthesis
Photosynthesis is an anabolic process.
Organisms like plants use energy from light and convert it into chemical energy in a process known as
photosynthesis
1.
anabolic
a type of process that requires energy to build up large molecules from smaller ones
Photosynthesis is an anabolic process. What does that mean?
This means that it uses energy to build large molecules, sugar, from smaller ones, CO2 and H20.
Bacteria living on the seafloor or inside of animals cannot use the energy of the sun, so how do they make food?
Bacteria living on the seafloor or inside of animals cannot use the energy of the sun, so they use energy stored in the chemical bonds of nearby chemicals to make food.
Why are plants and bacteria considerede autorophs?
Both types of organisms are considered autotrophs because they can transform different types of energy into chemical energy stored in the form of nutrients (glucose or other carbohydrates). These nutrients are commonly referred to as food.
Why do Autotrophs form the lowest level in an ecosystem
Autotrophs form the lowest level in an ecosystem because they make the food for all other organisms
They are the organisms that create food, not consume it. Autotrophs are also known as
producers
producer
an organism that produces its own food
heterotroph
an organism that cannot make its own food and receives its nutrients and energy by feeding on other organisms. organisms that consume other organisms in order to gain nutrients and food.
Heterotrophs are organisms that consume other organisms in order to gain nutrients and food. They are also known as
consumers
Carnivores
Carnivores, such as lions, are consumers that prey on other animals.
herbivore
An herbivore is a consumer that only eats plants. Cows and grasshoppers are examples of herbivores
consumer
an organism that eats other organisms or organic matter
s. Consumers that eat both plants and animals are known as
as omnivores. Most humans are omnivores.
1.
Heterotrophs and all other living organisms convert oxygen and sugar into energy during
Cellular respiration
cellular respiration
a process that converts oxygen and sugar into chemical energy and carbon dioxide
Cellular respiration is a catabolic process. What does this mean
This means that it releases energy and is used to break down larger molecules into smaller ones.
catabolic
a type of pathway that releases energy and is used to break down large molecules into smaller ones
There are two types of cellular respiration. What are they
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and anaerobic respiration does not.
How much energy does aerobic respiration produce
Aerobic respiration can produce a large amount of energy.
How much energy do anaerobic respiration produce
Anaerobic respiration produces a smaller amount of energy. The process of fermentation for making foods such as bread and sauerkraut is anaerobic.
Another group of organisms breaks down organic compounds and recycle matter back into the ecosystem. What are detritivores
a heterotroph that decomposes organic material and returns the nutrients to the soil, air, and water; such as earthworms, feed on dead organic matter and contribute to decomposition and nutrient cycles
decomposer
an organism that gets energy by breaking down the remains of dead organisms or animal waste; Decomposers break down dead or decaying organisms. Examples of decomposers include fungi and bacteria.
The flow of energy in an ecosystem can be modeled using either a ? or ?
The flow of energy in an ecosystem can be modeled using either a food chain or food web.
Each level in a food chain or food web is known as a
trophic level
What is the frist level in every ecosystem
The first trophic level in every ecosystem is autotrophs that produce their own food. They provide the food for the rest of the food chain or food web to break down into energy.
What is afther the autorophs level
Each level after that are heterotrophs, also known as consumers, that get their energy from the previous level.
What are food chains
Food chains are simple models that show the flow of energy (in the form of food) from one organism to another. Arrows represent how energy flows through the system.
primary consumer
only eat autotrophs, or plants
secondary consumer
any organsim that consumes or feeds largely on primary consumers, as well as autotrophs, plant eaters.
tertiary-consumer
organsim capable of feeding on secondary consumers and primary consumers
Not all energy from food is used by the organism that eats it. Elaboarte
Part of it will go towards growth and maintenance of the body. Some of the energy will be used to move and reproduce. The food will be broken down, which will release some energy in the form of heat, which cannot be used by any other organisms. The rest of the food will be waste.
Food webs
a model that shows many interconnected pathways through which energy and matter flow through an ecosystem; more informative than a food chain
What happens during fermentation
In fermentation, organic compounds such as sugars are still broken down to form carbon dioxide, although the end product here is alcohol.
Fermentation is a process most commonly carried out by yeast. How does this happen
The carbon dioxide produced in the process is what makes most breads rise.
The alcohol in beer, wine, and spirits is also produced
fermentation
Why does fermentation produce so little energy
Because it does not use oxygen, fermentation produces far less energy than aerobic respiration.
methanogens, use hydrogen and carbon dioxide to produce methane and water. How can this methane be used.
The methane that is produced can be used by organisms that perform aerobic respiration. They would take in methane and oxygen and produce carbon dioxide and water. In these processes, atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen cycle through many different organisms as they are used to produce and/or store energy.
Other living things find different ways to produce energy. How does the bacteria methanogens produce enrgy
methanogens, use hydrogen and carbon dioxide to produce methane and water. This reaction produces very little energy, but it allows these bacteria to survive in environments in which other organisms cannot, including deep in the sea, and even inside the stomachs of animals such as cows and sheep.
What is the process by which autotrophs convert light energy into chemical energy?
The process by which autotrophs convert light energy into chemical energy is called photosynthesis.
Contrast the ways autotrophs and heterotrophs make energy.
Autotrophs use matter and energy from their environment to make food (stored chemical energy), which is later broken down into useable energy. Heterotrophs must consume other organisms in order to gain its stored chemical energy and nutrients.
How do methanogens produce energy?
Methanogens produce energy through anaerobic respiration. They use carbon dioxide and hydrogen to produce methane and water.
Describe how the law of conservation of mass relates to the flow of energy and matter in an ecosystem.
The law of conservation of mass states that matter is not created or destroyed. Matter is cycled through an ecosystem as organisms are consumed or decomposed.
How are energy and matter similar?
Matter and energy flow throughout an ecosystem. Energy is needed for matter to change forms. Energy is essentially a property of matter.
How does energy flow through an ecosystem?
Energy producers change light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in the bonds of glucose. This energy is then transferred to other organisms, such as the animals that eat the plants in the ecosystem.
How are herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores the same? How are they different?
They are all consumers; they cannot produce their own food and need to consume it. Herbivores only eat plants and other autotrophs, carnivores only eat other consumers, and omnivores eat both autotrophs and consumers.
How does matter cycle through an ecosystem?
Matter cycles through an ecosystem as elements are transferred back and forth from organisms and their environments.
Joseph states that there would be fewer producers if the sun began to produce less energy. Is Joseph correct? If so, how can his reasoning be stronger? If not, how can you correct his reasoning?
Joseph is correct. He can strengthen his reasoning by adding that consumers would have less producers to eat, which would impact the rest of the organisms that depend on the consumers.
Antonella wants to diagram a model of the flow of energy in a desert ecosystem. Will Antonella need to use a food chain or food web for the most accurate representation? Support your answer.
Antonella will want to use a food web to diagram the most accurate flow of energy in a desert ecosystem. Using a food web will more accurately show the interconnectedness of the ecosystem and how the same species can take up different roles in different food chains. It will provide a deeper look into the diversity of organisms in the desert and how they interact to meet their needs.
microorganism
tiny living thing too small to be seen by the naked eye
How many cells do microorganisms have
Most are single-celled, but some have two or more cells.
All microorganisms are grouped within six categories:
bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses.
What are considered the oldest creatures on Earth
Microorganisms are the oldest creatures on Earth—they have existed for over three billion years—and they are very diverse.
How many Microorganims may be on Earth
In fact, there may actually be trillions of different microorganism species on Earth.
What environments do microorganisms live in
Microorganisms can live in a huge range of environments, including those that are hostile to other forms of life. For example, some microorganisms can live in ice; others survive in high radiation, or in extreme heat, or even in the vacuum of space.
Is Plankton a microorganism
. Plankton, which serve as the bottom of the food chain in the ocean, are all microorganisms.
What are microorganisms responsible for
Microorganisms are responsible for many of the processes we see, feel, or experience in our own bodies and in the world around us. . They help to keep us healthy—and cause many of our deadliest diseases. They help to create the soil that grows the plants we need to breathe and eat, but they also cause plants to rot and mildew. They provide the food for marine life, but also cause a range of problems for plants and animals of the sea.
Do microorganisms require food, water, a way to dispose of waste, and an appropriate environment for their needs.
ust like larger organisms, microorganisms require food, water, a way to dispose of waste, and an appropriate environment for their needs.
Bacteria, which are some of the smallest and simplest microorganisms, live in virtually every environment on Earth including the inside of the human body. How many microorganisms are in the human body
In fact, each human body contains approximately 40 trillion bacteria, representing hundreds of bacterial species.
Where do most bacteria live in the body
Most live in the intestines, but there are bacteria throughout your body.
What good do bacteria do to the body
In most cases, bacteria perform valuable services, helping to reduce inflammation, improve digestion, and fight infection.
What bad does bacteria do to the body
Bacteria can also, however, cause serious or even fatal disease, infections, or other problems in the body.
Bacteria are also critically important to the soil. In what way
Their function is to feed on and break down dead plants and other organic matter, creating fertile soil for the next generation of plants
What impact does bacteria have on the nitrogen cycle
Bacteria also make possible the nitrogen cycle, the circulation of nitrogen that is important for fertile soil and breathable air.
Archaea are the most recently-discovered type of microorganism. Where can Archaea exsit
About the size of bacteria, they can exist in extremely challenging environments such as hot springs and salt lakes, but they also exist in the soil and in the bodies of animals and human beings.
How is Archaea differnet and similar to bacteria
Like bacteria, they play an important role in human health and in the soil, but archaea are physically and genetically different from other microorganisms.
What are examples of Microfungi
Microfungi are tiny mushrooms, molds, and yeasts.
What is difference between the cells of Microfungi and bacteria and archaea
Unlike bacteria and archaea, the cells of microfungi do have nuclei.
What lead to the discovery of Penicillin, a mold-based antibiotic
Molding bread containing microfungi led to the discovery of Penicillin, a mold-based antibiotic.
Fungi have many different roles in the environment, including:
- Fermentation
- Making of foods such as cheese and bread
- Decomposition of organic matter
- Release of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus into the air and soil
What are Protozoa
Protozoa are single celled organisms with nuclei that eat organic tissues and debris.
How is the behavior of Protozoa different from the behavior of other microorganisms
They behave more like animals than other microorganisms because they can move around and behave like predators.
Importance of Protozoa
Protozoa are an important food source for tiny micro-invertebrates which, in turn, provide food to larger organisms.
What is Algae another word for
Algae is another word for seaweed, and most algae live in bodies of water.
What shapes and sizes doalgae come in
While there are enormous algae, such as sea kelp, single-celled green and brown algae are a part of most aquatic ecosystems.
What is the role of Algae
Algae play a role in fertilizing soil, decreasing pollution, and providing nutrition for animals and human beings.
What are viruses
Viruses are tiny infectious agents that cause disease in every type of animal, plant, and microorganism.
How many types of visues exist and how many of those viruses are understood
There are millions of different types of viruses, but only about 5,000 are well understood.
Where do visures exsit
Viruses exist in every ecosystem on the planet and only reproduce when they are inside another organism’s cell
What positive roles do bacteria play in the human body?
Bacteria support digestion, reduce inflammation, and fight infection.
Microfungi include viruses, bacteria, and archaea.
Is the statement true or false?
falase, Microfungi include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. Microfungi differ from other microorganisms in that they are part of the Kingdom Fungi, have tube tip-growth, and have cell walls made of a substance called chitin.
Explain why we have only known about the importance of microorganisms for a relatively short period of time.
Microorganisms are so small that they can only be seen by microscopes which were invented just a few hundred years ago.
