Unit 2 Lesson 8: Respiration Overview

Question 1

Physical activity causes a person to breathe heavier, allowing more oxygen to enter the lungs. What does this oxygen do?

Answer 1

This oxygen allows muscle cells to make more energy through the process of cellular respiration.

Question 2

What is ATP?

Answer 2

adenosine triphosphate, usable energy made from glucose and oxygen through the process of cellular respiration

Question 2

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 2

the process of making ATP from glucose and oxygen

Question 2

Does glucose contain energy in its bond?

Answer 2

Glucose also contains energy within its bonds.

Question 3

What is role for the sugar for the body?

Answer 3

Sugar, in the form of glucose, is fuel for the body, much like gasoline is fuel for a car.

Question 4

Plants produce glucose for..

Answer 4

Plants produce their own glucose for cellular respiration through the process of photosynthesis.

Question 5

How do cells use glucose to make energy?

Answer 5

Cells cannot use glucose directly for energy, but they can use chemical reactions to convert glucose into ATP, an energy chemical that is usable by the cell.

Question 6

What happens to glucose and oxygen bonds during cellular respiration?

Answer 6

During cellular respiration, the bonds between glucose and oxygen are broken to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP molecules.
Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP
or

C6H12O6 + O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Useable Energy (about 36 ATPs)

Question 7

Does cellular respiration require chemical reactions?

Answer 7

The process of cellular respiration requires many chemical reactions.

Question 8

What happens to glucose molecules during cellular respiration.

Answer 8

During these reactions, glucose molecules change into other types of carbon molecules, forming ATP in the process.

Question 8

During cellular respiration, what do carbon molecules intereact with? What other biomolecules?

Answer 8

This process requires carbon molecules to react and interact with other biomolecules, ADP, a lower energy form of ATP, and NAD+, a lower energy form of NADH.

Question 9

What is NAD+

Answer 9

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, an electron carrier used in metabolism

Question 10

What is ADP

Answer 10

adenosine diphosphate, a nucleotide that becomes ATP when it gains a phosphorous group

Question 11

What role does NAD+ play in cellular respiration?

Answer 11

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a cofactor used during cellular respiration.

Question 12

What does cofactor mean?

Answer 12

A cofactor is a nonprotein substance that helps enzymes catalyze chemical reactions.

Question 13

What happens to NAD+ during cellular respiration

Answer 13

During cellular respiration, NAD+ switches back and forth between NAD+ and NADH.

Question 14

What does NAD+ accept?

Answer 14

NAD+ is a molecule that can accept electrons.

Question 15

NADH is a molecule that donates what?

Answer 15

NADH is a molecule that can donate electrons.

Question 16

What is a FAD+

Answer 16

FAD+ is another cofactor used during cellular respiration.

Question 17

FAD+ swtiches back and forth from what?

Answer 17

FAD+ (flavin adenine dinucleotide) switches back and forth between FAD+

Question 18

FAD+ is a molecule that accpets..

Answer 18

a molecule that can accept electrons, and FADH2, a molecule that can donate electrons.

Question 19

Cellular respiration is made up of what proceses?

Answer 19

Cellular respiration is made up of both anaerobic and aerobic processes.

Question 20

What process is glycolysis?

Answer 20

glycolysis is an anaerobic process because it does not require oxygen.

Question 21

What does glycolysis mean in terms of terminology?

Answer 21

Glyco refers to glucose and lysis means “to break apart.”

Question 22

Where does glycolysis take place?

Answer 22

Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.

Question 23

What happens during glycolysis?

Answer 23

During glycolysis, a 6-carbon glucose molecule is broken down into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvate.

Question 24

glycolysis direct meaning?

Answer 24

a process during which one glucose molecule is broken down into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvates

Question 25

It’s important to note that the process of cellular respiration requires some energy; what does this mean?

Answer 25

It’s important to note that the process of cellular respiration requires some energy; this means that a little ATP is also used to produce more ATP.

Question 26

What does net ATP mean?

Answer 26

the total amount of ATP after a cycle. If 2 ATP are used, and 4 ATP are gained, the net ATP is 2.

Question 27

What does breaking apart the glucose molecule during glycolysis mean?

Answer 27

Breaking apart the glucose molecule during glycolysis requires 2 ATP. The process forms 4 ATP (meaning that a net total of 2 ATP forms). Two molecules of NAD+ are also converted to NADH so a net total of 2 NADH forms.
Glucose+2 ATP→2 Pyruvate + 4 ATP

Question 28

What is the n=second part of the callular respiration

Answer 28

kerbs cycle

Question 29

What is the Krebs cycle?

Answer 29

a series of chemical reactions that forms ATP from Acetyl CoA; also known as the cirtic acid cycle.

Question 30

What happens to carbon during the krebs cycle?

Answer 30

Each 3-carbon pyruvate loses a carbon group that will later form 2 molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2)
The remaining 2-carbon molecule binds to a substance called coenzyme A (CoA) to form Acetyl CoA . Acetyl CoA then starts the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria.
2 Pyruvate+2CoA→2 Acetyl CoA+2 CO2

Question 31

What hapens to Acetyl CoA during the krebs cycle?

Answer 31

During the Krebs cycle, Acetyl CoA
combines with a four-carbon molecule called oxaloacetic acid to create citric acid. Citric acid contains a total of 6 carbons.Citric acid is then broken down into smaller molecules.

2 acetyl-CoA+oxaloacetic acid → citric acid

Question 32

How does glucose affect the Krebs cycle?

Answer 32

single glucose molecule produces two pyruvate molecules so one glucose molecule causes two Krebs cycle processes. The net yield of the Krebs cycle for two molecules of Acetyl CoA is 6 NADH, 2 ATP, and 4 carbon dioxide molecules. Two FADH2 molecules also form. Even though the Krebs cycle does not use oxygen directly, it is still considered an aerobic process because the formation of FAD+ and NAD+ needed for the process requires oxygen.

Glucose → 6NADH + 2ATP + 4CO2+ 2FADH2

Question 33

This means that a single glucose molecule produces two pyruvate molecules that are further broken down to the following:

Answer 33

• 6 NADH molecules
• 2 ATP molecules
• 4 CO2 molecules
• 2 FADH2 molecules.

Question 34

Wjhat is the electron transport chain?

Answer 34

a series of reactions that creates an electrochemical gradient to produce ATP

Question 35

What molecules are used in the elctron transport chain?

Answer 35

NADH and FADH2 molecules formed during the previous steps of cellular respiration are then used for the final step of cellular respiration: the electron transport chain.

Question 36

What phase of the Celluar respiraiton produces most ATP

Answer 36

The electron transport generates most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration.

Question 37

Where does electron transport chain take place?

Answer 37

The electron transport chain also takes place in the mitochondria.

Question 38

What happens to NADH and FADH2 during the electron transaport?

Answer 38

During the electron transport chain, both of these molecules release electrons and become FAD+ and NAD+. Their hydrogen ions are then released into the mitochondria where they moved through the organelle. This movement provides the energy for ADP to form ATP.

Question 39

What kind of process is the elctron transport and why?

Answer 39

Since the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is oxygen, the electron transport chain is an aerobic process.

Question 40

How much ATP does electron transport produce?

Answer 40

The electron transport chain produces about 34 ATP molecules. With all three steps of cellular respiration, a total of approximately 36 ATP molecules are produced.

Question 41

The term gross total refers to total earnings without expenses or losses. During cellular respiration, the gross total of ATP equals the net total of ATP produced.

Determine if the statement is true or false.

Answer 41

false

Question 42

What is the difference between the aerobic and anaerobic processes of cellular respiration?

Answer 42

Glycolysis is an anaerobic process. This means that it forms ATP without oxygen. The Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain are aerobic processes because they require oxygen. The Krebs cycle does not directly use oxygen, but oxygen is needed to form FAD+ and NAD+. Oxygen is directly used during the electron transport chain.

Question 43

Glycolysis vs ELEctron transport Chain

Answer 43

Glycolysis: makes 2 ATP anaerobic, takes place in cytoplasm in eukaryotes
Similar: part of cellular respiration, occurs in plants and animals , generates ATP
ELEctron transport Chain: aerobic; takes place in mitochondria in eukaryotes.

Question 44

The law of conservation of matter states that matter is not created or destroyed. Matter can only change forms. Explain how this law applies to the chemical reactions of cellular respiration.

Answer 44

During cellular respiration, glucose and oxygen chemically react with other molecules to form ATP. During each of the chemical reactions in this process, the atoms within the reacting molecules are rearranged to form new substances, but no atoms are created or destroyed. The total amount of matter on both sides of the equation is the same.

Question 45

Why is the Krebs cycle sometimes called the citric acid cycle?

Answer 45

During the Krebs cycle, a series of chemical reactions are used to form a citric acid molecule which is then broken down to produce ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

Question 46

What role does NADH play in cellular respiration?

Answer 46

NADH forms during glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle. It is then used to donate electrons to the electron transport chain.

Question 47

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make glucose from carbon dioxide, water, and energy from light. Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts. Explain why plant cells need both chloroplasts and mitochondria in their cells.

Answer 47

Plant cells cannot use glucose directly as a source of energy. They must use cellular respiration to convert glucose into ATP, a form of energy that is usable by the cells.

Question 48

During photosynthesis, plants and other photosynthetic organisms release oxygen into the atmosphere. Without this process, Earth’s atmosphere would have little oxygen. Give two reasons why photosynthesis is critical for animals to produce energy for life functions.

Answer 48

Animals cannot make their own sugar, so they need to consume sugar by eating other plants or animals. Without photosynthesis, there would be no food for animals. The oxygen released during photosynthesis is taken in by animals to fuel cellular respiration. Most of the ATP formed during cellular respiration occurs during the aerobic processes. Without oxygen, most animals could not make the ATP they need to survive.

Question 49

What is a aerobes organisms

Answer 49

Most organisms are aerobes which means they need oxygen to survive. Obligate aerobes are organisms that cannot grow or survive without oxygen. Humans are obligate aerobes. The word obligate means “essential” or “depends upon.”

Question 50

Most energy produced during cellular resperiration occurs during which stage.

Answer 50

Recall that most of the energy produced during cellular respiration occurs during the aerobic stages.

Question 51

How do human muscle cells produce ATP?

Answer 51

. Human muscle cells can also produce small amounts of ATP anaerobically through a process called lactic acid fermentation.

Question 52

How does fermentation prdouce ATP

Answer 52

. Fermentation uses organic chemicals to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen.

Question 53

How does Lactic acid fermentation make ATP

Answer 53

Lactic acid fermentation makes ATP (which is produced by the electron transport chain) by converting glucose into lactic acid. Lactic acid fermentation provides extra energy to muscle cells during vigorous exercise when oxygen supply is low. The “burning” feeling in working muscles is a sign of lactic acid buildup.

Question 54

Descibe faculative anareobes

Answer 54

Facultative anaerobes can perform aerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen, but they can also produce enough energy to grow anaerobically if oxygen levels are low.

Question 55

What are obligate anaerobes

Answer 55

Obligate anaerobes are organisms that die in high-oxygen environments. These organisms produce all their ATP anaerobically.

Question 56

Anaerobic microoganisms

Answer 56

Anaerobic microorganisms are used in food production. For example, bacteria that produce energy through lactic acid fermentation are used to make yogurt. Bacteria are added to the yogurt after pasteurization. During fermentation the lactic acid produced by these organisms causes the milk to curdle, giving yogurt its distinctive flavor and texture.

Question 57

How is energy production different in an obligate anaerobe compared to an obligate aerobe?

Answer 57

Obligate anaerobes do not need oxygen. They produce all their energy through anaerobic processes. Obligate aerobes require aerobic processes to produce ATP.

Question 58

What similarities and differences exist between obligate aerobes and facultative anaerobes?

Answer 58

Both organisms can produce ATP aerobically. Facultative anaerobes can produce enough energy anaerobically to meet their needs while obligate aerobes cannot.

Question 59

Review the graph below. It represents the types of respiration in human muscle cells. Explain why the energy produced from aerobic respiration never equals zero.

Answer 59

Humans are obligate aerobes which means they need oxygen to survive. Therefore, their muscle cells cannot produce all the energy they need anaerobically. They can, however, produce some energy anaerobically to supplement vigorous activity.

Question 60

Explain how the process of making yogurt provides energy to both humans and the bacteria used in the process.

Answer 60

The bacteria used to make yogurt breaks down some of the sugars in the milk through the process of fermentation. They use these sugars to produce ATP for their own life processes. When humans eat the yogurt, they ingest the sugar in the yogurt. The glucose molecules from the yogurt are put through the processes of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain to make ATP.