Unit 5 Lesson 11: Heat and Cellular Respiration

Question 1

How do organims get energy out of their food

Answer 1

Organisms get energy out of their food through a process called cellular respiration. Cellular respiration uses the chemical energy in food molecules and oxygen to power all life activities.

Question 2

Cellular respiration is modeled by this equation:

Answer 2

C6H12O6+O2→6CO2+6H2O+Energy

Glucose (a sugar) and oxygen make carbon dioxide, water, and energy (in the form of ATP).

Question 3

What happens during the Glycolysis

Answer 3

Glycolysis starts in the cytoplasm by breaking the sugar molecule down into pyruvic acid. The pyruvic acid moves to the mitochondria, and the Krebs cycle starts.

Question 4

What happens during the krebs cycle

Answer 4

The Krebs cycle makes carbon dioxide and adds electrons to NAD+ and FAD+ to make NADH and FADH2. NADH and FADH2 move the high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain in the mitochondria.

Question 5

What happens during the lectron transport chain

Answer 5

The electron transport chain takes the energy in the electrons moved by NADPH and FADH2 to make ATP.

Question 6

What happens to most of the erngy in food

Answer 6

While some of the energy from food is converted to useable energy in the form of A T P, most of the energy from food is lost in heat

Question 7

why is lsoing heat good

Answer 7

To control body temperature, organisms need a source of heat, a way to conserve it and a way to get rid of excess heat

Question 8

What is ATP used for

Answer 8

and it powers many of the processes in the body of organisms. For example, A T P is used to transport molecules inside cells in active transport across cell membranes and across cell membranes. For example, during digestion and respiration. It is used during the contraction of muscles, during movement. A T P is also used to power metabolic reactions, and to shuttle energy to parts of the body that are using energy

Question 9

How does ATP work like a rechargeable battery; how does ATP get chraged

Answer 9

It charges when the bonds that link one of the three phosphate groups to the molecule are broken, resulting in ADP.

Question 10

How is ATP recharged

Answer 10

It is recharged when energy is used to add a third phosphate group, changing ADP to ATP.

Question 11

where is enrgy from ATP stored

Answer 11

This energy is stored in the chemical bonds.

Question 12

What happens when ATP is used

Answer 12

When ATP is used, the third phosphate bond is broken, and ATP changes back to ADP and releases energy.

Question 13

What power metabolic reactions

Answer 13

ATP

Question 14

What are metabolic reactions

Answer 14

chemical reactions that allow organisms to survive (including cellular respiration), and to shuttle energy to other parts of the body that require more energy.

Question 15

What happens to enrgy in food

Answer 15

But only some of the energy available from food is changed into useable energy in the form of ATP. Most of the energy from food is lost as heat.

Question 16

How many ATPs is realased from glucose

Answer 16

Only 2ATPs of the energy in glucose is released during glycolysis.

Question 17

How many ATPs is relased from the Krebs Cycle

Answer 17

The Krebs cycle releases 2 ATPs of the energy.

Question 18

Where is most of the enrgy relased

Answer 18

Most of the energy (32 ATPs) is released in the electron transport chain, but this is only about 36% of the energy in one glucose molecule.

Question 19

What happens to the rest of the energy from glucose

Answer 19

The rest of the energy from the glucose is changed to thermal energy (heat). However, not all that thermal energy is released into the atmosphere.

Question 20

What do organims need to stay constatn to survie

Answer 20

Organisms must stay at a constant body temperature to live.

Question 21

What do orgnaisms need to control body temperature

Answer 21

. To control body temperature, organisms need a source of heat, a way to conserve it, and a way to get rid of extra heat.

Question 22

Some animals use their environment as their source of heat and cooling. What are these animals called

Answer 22

These animals are called ectotherms.

Question 23

What is the exact meaning of ectotherms

Answer 23

an organism that depends on external sources to regulate its body temperature

Question 24

What are examples of ectothems

Answer 24

Invertebrates, fishes, reptiles, and amphibians are ectotherms.

Question 25

What is the mtabolic activy for ectotherms

Answer 25

Ectotherms have low metabolic activity.

Question 26

Why are ectotherms cold-blooded

Answer 26

They have low rates of thermogenesis—they are known as cold-blooded.

Question 27

What is thermogenesis

Answer 27

process by which organisms produce heat

Question 28

What chararterics of ectotherms make them cold blooded

Answer 28

Ectotherms make some heat when their muscles move, but their bodies don’t have fur or feathers and they have little fat, so most of their heat is lost to the atmosphere.

Question 29

How do ectotherms control their body temperaute

Answer 29

They control their body temperature by controlling their location—changing where they are.

Question 30

Give and example of how a ectotherms may control their body temp

Answer 30

For example, they might lie in the sun to warm up in the cool of the morning but stay in a burrow underground to keep cool on a very hot day.

Question 31

What are chararteriscs of endotherms

Answer 31

Other animals make most of the heat they need as a by-product of metabolic activity. They have high levels of thermogenesis and are known as warm-blooded.

Question 32

What does endotherm mean

Answer 32

an organism that can regulate its own body temperature and generate its own internal heat

Question 33

What are exmaples of endotherm

Answer 33

Birds and mammals, including humans, are endotherms.

Question 34

What is body heat in endotherms controlled by

Answer 34

Body heat is controlled by metabolism in endotherms.

Question 35

Ecotherms vs endotherms

Answer 35

They must make more ATPs, and more heat, than ectotherms.

Question 36

Why do endotherms have to eat more than ectotherms

Answer 36

Because much of the energy from food is lost as heat, endotherms have to eat a lot more than ectotherms in order to maintain their constant body temperature.

Question 37

What hapens to endotherms in hot or cold condtions

Answer 37

In hot or cold conditions, endotherms will change their metabolic rate.

Question 38

How do metabolic rates change occcuring to the weather condtions

Answer 38

They slow their metabolism down when it is hot and speed it up when it is cold (even using stored fats and sugars) to control their body temperature.

Question 39

Give example of automatic regulatory reactions

Answer 39

On hot days, endotherms give off extra body heat by sweating or panting. On cold days endotherms shiver (their muscles shake) to make more heat.

Question 40

Do endotherms have to think about automatic regulatory reaction

Answer 40

Endotherms do not have to think about either automatic regulatory reaction, but they both need extra energy (ATP).

Question 41

How do endotherms use insultion

Answer 41

Endotherms also insulate their bodies in different ways. Insulation holds some of the heat inside and helps them stay warm. Many mammals have a layer of fat, or thick fur, to insulate their bodies. Birds often fluff up their feathers, holding their body heat inside them much like a down jacket keeps you warm in the winter.

Question 42

How much energy in a glucose molecule is released to the environment as heat?

32%
36%
64%
100%

Answer 42

64%

Question 43

Infer how ectotherms use ATP to regulate their temperatures.

Answer 43

They use the ATP to move their muscles to transport their bodies to a warmer or cooler location.

Question 44

What is the difference between an endotherm and an ectotherm?

Answer 44

Endotherms can use their metabolism to make their own heat and control their body temperature. Ectotherms rely on their surroundings, like sunlight and cool shady places, to control their body temperature.

Question 45

Explain how your body uses extra ATP to raise your body temperature.

Answer 45

ATP gives my muscles the energy they need to shiver. Shivering makes more heat, and that keeps me warm. ATP also gives my body the energy I need to move my hands, which I can rub together to keep them warm.

Hide

Question 46

Explain how cellular respiration works to maintain a constant body temperature in humans.

Answer 46

Only some of the energy in food is changed through cellular respiration to useable energy in the form of ATP. Most of the energy in food is lost as heat. About 36% of the energy in one glucose molecule is changed to ATP. The rest of the energy in the glucose is changed to thermal energy, which moves to the atmosphere as heat. This heat is what keeps endothermic bodies warm. The body can control how much ATP it needs to move its muscles. This muscle movement can help the body warm up. It can also warm up too much, which leads the body to sweat to cool back down.

Question 47

Select all of the endothermic organisms.

hyena
cricket
frog
alligator
goldfish
dog
ostrich
sea turtle

Answer 47

hyena
dog
ostrich

Question 48

What allows endotherms to generate more heat and more ATP than ectotherms do?

Answer

Answer 48

Endotherms have higher metabolisms.

Question 49

Why do ectotherms lose most of their body heat? Why do they have less body heat to start?

Answer 49

They lack insulation to keep it in. They also have less mitochondria, so they make less body heat to begin with.

Question 50

Name two things an ectotherm can do to regulate its temperature.

Answer 50

They can bask in the sun to warm up and burrow in the dirt to cool down.

Question 51

Where does the heat that is transferred to the environment by living things come from?

Answer 51

The heat is generated during the metabolism, or break down, of glucose and other food molecules.

Question 52

Give an analogy for how ATP stores and releases energy.

Answer 52

ATP is like a rechargeable battery. When it is ATP, it is fully charged and can power other processes. When it loses the third phosphate group and becomes ADP, it is like an uncharged or partially charged battery

Question 53

What do animal that live where there isn’t much food during the long, cold winter months do

Answer 53

To combat food scarcity some endotherms hibernate during the winter.

Question 54

Is the length of hibernation the same

Answer 54

The length of their hibernation is different, depending on where they live. Bears that live in more northern latitudes hibernate longer than bears that live in more southern latitudes.

Question 55

what happens to boy temperatures duing hiberantion

Answer 55

Their body temperatures get lower while they hibernate.

Question 56

What makes bears lose body heat slowly

Answer 56

Bears have very thick fur that insulates their bodies, and have a low surface area to volume ratio.

Question 57

What beat metabloic rate like during hibernation

Answer 57

bears can cut their metabolic rate by 50–60% while they hibernate

Question 58

Does size and shape play a role in how an animal can control its temp

Answer 58

The size and shape of an animal also make a difference in how well it can control its temperature.

Question 59

What is controling heat like for animals with large bodies

Answer 59

Animals that have large bodies, like elephants, have a low surface to volume ratio, meaning their bodies hold heat better because less of their body is open to the atmosphere.

Question 60

What is controling heat like for animals with small bodies

Answer 60

While, animals that have small bodies like snakes, have a high surface area to volume ratio, meaning their bodies don’t hold heat well because more of their body is open to the atmosphere. They cool and heat faster, but they don’t hold heat as efficiently.

Question 61

Food availability vs. food needs is another thing affecting temperature control. Elaborate

Answer 61

Ectotherms need less food than endotherms of the same size because the ectotherms have a lower metabolic rate.

Question 62

Oceans often have lower temperatures than endothermic bodies do. Water conducts heat better than air does, so animals tend to lose heat very quickly in the ocean. Use the information above to predict why most marine mammals, like whales, are so large?

Answer 62

Whales are mammals, which means they are endotherms. They have to be large enough to trap body heat and not lose it to the ocean. Animals that are large tend to have a low surface to volume ratio, meaning their bodies retain heat better because less of their body is exposed to the atmosphere. They have to eat a lot to maintain their body heat.

Question 63

Why might most large ectotherms live in tropical regions?

Answer 63

Large ectotherms live in tropical regions because temperatures are more stable year-round. They won’t often encounter a long cold night or a long stretch of cold weather, which would affect their ability to thermoregulate.

Question 64

Hypothesize why a bear might hibernate, or sleep through, the winter in areas where winter weather is cold.

Answer 64

Bears are endotherms, so they have a high metabolic rate. Food might not be available in areas where the winters are cold, so it might be hard for such large animals to find enough food to keep up with their metabolisms if they were active all winter long. The wind and cold can be bad during cold winters, so hibernating would help save their energy.

Question 65

Temperature control is different for different animals. Research the ways at least one endotherm and one ectotherm in your area control temperature. Be sure to discuss their habitat and include reasons why they might have evolved their temperature control method.

Answer 65

Answer should include habitat, surface-area to volume ratios, behaviors, and whether the animal is endothermic or ectothermic.