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Biology > Unit 7 Lesson 2: Complex Organisms > Flashcards

Unit 7 Lesson 2: Complex Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Our DNA is a combination of information form where

A

Our DNA is a combination of information passed on to us from our parents and is stored in chromosomes.

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2
Q

chromosome

A

a structure within a cell that carries DNA Chromosomes are replicated during cell division. Chromosomes are strings of DNA wrapped around proteins.

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3
Q

Where are chromosomes found in animal and plant cells

A

Chromosomes are found inside the nuclei of animal and plant cells.

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4
Q

The chromosome winds up the DNA so it can fit in the nucleus. How long is DNA

A

If the DNA of one human cell were unwound and placed in a row, it would be 6 feet long.

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5
Q

The chromosome holds all the DNA passed down from a

A

parent

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6
Q

Why is there usually a pair of chromosomes, one from each parent

A

Because most species require two parents, there is usually a pair of chromosomes, one from each parent.

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7
Q

How many chromosomes do dogs have

A

Dogs have 78 chromosomes, or 39 pairs (one from each parent).

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8
Q

What determines which gentic information is expressed

A

The body determines which genetic information is expressed.

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9
Q

The body determines which genetic information is expressed. This is how a litter of puppies can have a mixture of characteristics from the parents. Elaborate

A

For example, the coat color of a dog is thought to be on chromosome 16. Each dog will have two copies of chromosome 16, one from the mother and one from the father. The mother chromosome may have the genetic information for a black coat, and the father chromosome may have the genetic information for a blond coat. The combined genetic information will determine the coat color of each puppy.

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10
Q

What is mitosis

A

a type of cell division in which a parent cell copies itself, resulting in two identical daughter cells. Mitosis is the form of cell division used in all cell growth except sexual reproduction.

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11
Q

What is the process of mitosis

A

Mitosis is a kind of cell replication in which one cell duplicates all its parts and genetic information. The cell then splits to form two identical daughter cells.

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12
Q

Some organisms reproduce through mitosis. How do sexually reproducing roganism reproduce

A

However, sexually reproducing organisms, like humans and dogs, do not reproduce through mitosis. Instead, mitosis is used for growth and repair.

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13
Q

In cells, DNA is genetic information contained in threadlike structures called

A

chromosomes

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14
Q

What does thr gentic information refer to

A

. The genetic information refers to the types and arrangement of molecules that affect processes within the cell.

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15
Q

What must a cell do to replicate itself

A

To replicate itself, a cell must duplicate this genetic information.

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16
Q

DNA replication

A

the process by which a DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical molecules

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17
Q

Where does DNA replication take place

A

This DNA replication takes place during interphase.

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18
Q

What is interphase

A

the process during which the cell begins to grow.

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19
Q

How many steps does interphase include?

A

It includes three steps

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20
Q

What is the first step of interphase?

A

The first step of interphase, known as G1 (first gap)involves an increase in water intake and protein synthesis. It is storing energy and starting to replicate organelles. Cells spend most of their time in G1
.

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21
Q

G1
(first gap)

A

first step of interphase

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22
Q

What is the second step of interphase

A

The increase in water and protein is preparation for the second interphase step, known as the **S-phase (synthesis phase) **during which new DNA is synthesized. Chromosomes are copied into two identical sister chromatids, both attached at the centromere like two Xs attached in the middle.

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23
Q

sister chromatids

A

identical pairs of chromosomes formed during cellular replication

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24
Q

What is the thrid step of interphase

A

The third step of interphase, known as G2 (second gap) is the duplication of molecules, replenishing energy, and creating the proteins needed for mitosis.

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25
Q

After interphase, what process begins

A

After interphase, mitosis begins.

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26
Q

What is the first phase of mitosis

A

Early prophase – The cell begins to prepare for replication by reducing the size of the chromosomes. It does this by coiling the long strands into a small bundle. The mitotic spindle a small structure within the cell that will help organize the chromosomes, is formed.

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27
Q

mitotic spindle

A

small structure within the cell that will help organize the chromosomes

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28
Q

What is the second phase of mitosis

A

Mid prophase – The mitotic spindle keeps growing. It develops microtubules that act like long arms that start to capture and organize the chromosomes.

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29
Q

What is the third phase of mitosis

A

Late prophase – The nuclear membrane dissolves. One microtubule from each side of the spindle attaches to every captured chromosome. This stage is sometimes called prometaphase.

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30
Q

What is the second phase of mitosis

A

Metaphase – The spindle lines up the captured chromosomes down the center of the cell. It checks that the microtubules are correctly attached so that each chromosome has a microtubule from each of the mitotic spindles.

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31
Q

What is the third phase of mitosis

A

Anaphase – Microtubules pull the lined-up chromosomes apart, separating them into sister chromatids. Each pair of chromatids moves toward opposite ends of the cell. This ensures the new cells that form, called daughter cells, will have each chromosome.

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32
Q

What is the 4th phase of mitosis

A

Telophase – Two new nuclei form, one for each set of new chromosomes. Chromosomes unravel and spread out.

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33
Q

What is the 5th phase of mitosis

A

Cytokinesis – The cytoplasm (cellular material other than the nucleus) divides, forming two new identical daughter cells. Cytokinesis can begin during anaphase or telophase. It ends soon after telophase.

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34
Q

A cell resting between divisions is in

A

interphase

35
Q

Do phases pf replication occur in interphase

A

During interphase, no phases of replication occur.

36
Q

Chromosomes formed in mitosis are usually

A

diploid (di-meaning two).

37
Q

Chromosomes formed in mitosis are usually diploid (di-meaning two). What does that mean

A

The cell contains two complete sets of chromosomes. One set is acquired from each parent, and it passes on the genetic information from each parent.

38
Q

However, your body contains many kinds of cells. Your blood is different from your fingernails, isn’t it? If all cells contain identical information, why aren’t they all the same?

A

While each cell is genetically identical, if they have different purposes, their genes will be expressed differently.

39
Q

After mitosis, less specialized cells may go through another phase to become more

A

specialized

40
Q

What is proliferation

A

The replication of cells is called proliferation.

41
Q

What is differentiation

A

An increase in the specialization of cells is known as differentiation.

42
Q

What might change in a cell that differentiates

A

When a cell differentiates, it may change in size and shape, as well as in function.

43
Q

When a cell differentiates, it may change in size and shape, as well as in function. How do those changes ahappen

A

Chromosomes change these aspects through gene expression.

44
Q

What determines a cell’s function? How does your body produce skin cells when healing a dmaaged kneee of how plant and animal gorw taller, wider and stronger?

A

Every cell in the body possesses the same DNA. Think of DNA as a computer program. In every cell, some parts of the script will be “read” (expressed), while some remain silent. What determines a cell’s function is the portion of DNA that it reads. By turning on or off the parts of the DNA script that are read, stem cells give rise to cells of various functions required by the body. This is how your body produces skin cells when healing a damaged knee or how plants and animals grow taller, wider, and stronger.

45
Q

What happens to stem cells during differentiation

A

During differentiation, the stem cells, which are the less specialized cells of an organism, undergo changes that enable them to carry out specific functions.

46
Q

A stem cell’s ability to differentiate into certain kinds of specialized cells depends on its

A

type

47
Q

What kind of stem cells are the first to arise in a developing embryo

A

Totipotent stem

48
Q

What is the differentiation ablity of Totipotent stem cells

A

These cells can differentiate into any cell type the growing embryo needs and may also become extraembryonic (located outside the embryo) placental cells.

49
Q

What is the second type of stem cell to develop in an embryo

A

Pluripotent stem cells are the second type of stem cell to develop in an embryo.

50
Q

What is the differentiation ablity of Pluripotent stem cells

A

A pluripotent cell can differentiate into any cell type within the body but cannot become extraembryonic.

51
Q

What kind of cells make up most adult stem cells

A

Multipotent stem cells make up most adult stem cells (also called somatic cells).

52
Q

multipotent stem cell

A

a type of adult stem cell that can become many different types of specialized cells within a tissue or organ

53
Q

What can a multipotent stem cell become

A

A multipotent stem cell can become many different types of specialized cells within a tissue or organ but is more limited than a pluripotent cell.

54
Q

In some parts of the body, such as the intestinal tract, What role do multipotent stem cells have

A

In some parts of the body, such as the intestinal tract, multipotent stem cells divide regularly to repair aged or damaged tissues.

55
Q

How do organisms grow

A

Organisms grow when their cells replicate, making their bodies larger one cell at a time.

56
Q

How do cells replicate

A

Cells replicate using the process of mitosis.

57
Q
A
58
Q

What must be in place for mitosis to happen

A

. However, in order for mitosis to happen, the parent cell needs to have two sets of DNA. When the cell divides, the two daughter cells must each have an identical set of DNA.

59
Q

When the cell divides, the two daughter cells must each have an identical set of DNA. How does the cell go from having one set of DNA to two?

A

This happens during a process called DNA replication, which happens before mitosis in the cell cycle.

60
Q

What is the cell cycle

A

The cell cycle is the steps that a cell goes through from one cell division to the next.

61
Q

What happens during the cell cycle

A

. It is important because, during the cell cycle, the cell grows and changes to prepare for mitosis.

62
Q

In what way is mitosis vital

A

Mitosis is vital in the growth of an organism, and organisms need to grow to survive.

63
Q

The cell cycle has four stages:

A

G1, S, G2, and M. During the G1 and G2 phases, the cell grows, getting ready to divide during the M phase. During the S-phase, DNA replicates.

64
Q

In the cell cycle what happens to the cell during the G1 and G2 phases

A

During the G1 and G2 phases, the cell grows

65
Q

In the cell cycle what happens to the cell during the M phase

A

getting ready to divide during the M phase

66
Q

In the cell cycle what happens to the cell during the S-phase

A

During the S-phase, DNA replicates.

67
Q

Why is DNA replication important

A

DNA replication is important because without it, the cell would not have enough DNA to divide and create two identical daughter cells.

68
Q

Why is it important for daugther cells of mitosis to be identical

A

It is important for the daughter cells of mitosis to be identical because as the organism grows, each of its cells need to have all of the DNA to function appropriately (with exceptions such as red blood cells).

69
Q

How do sexually reproducing organisms use mitosis? Do they use mitosis in sexual reproduction? Explain.

A

Sexual reproduction does not use mitosis, but instead uses a different process that creates cells that are unique. However, sexually reproducing organisms use mitosis to create new cells to grow and heal.

70
Q

During mitosis there are multiple stages in cell division. Briefly explain why so many steps are necessary.

A

Each step in cell division is important because, in mitosis, both new cells have exact copies of each chromosome and other cellular materials are evenly divided. Cells must duplicate, then separate their chromosomes evenly and correctly, and finally divide the cytoplasm and reform new nuclear and cell membranes. This is a complicated process, and each step is necessary to ensure mitosis is completed correctly.

71
Q

Explain the importance of the cell cycle and DNA replication to the growth of organisms.

A

The cell cycle is important because, during the cell cycle, the cell grows and changes to prepare for mitosis, which helps an organism grow. Organisms need to grow to survive. DNA replication is important because without it the cell would not have enough DNA to divide and create two identical daughter cells. It is important for the daughter cells of mitosis to be identical because as the organism grows, each of its cells need to have all of the DNA to function appropriately (with exceptions such as red blood cells).

72
Q

When does DNA replication take place?

A

DNA replication occurs before mitosis

73
Q

When studying mitosis, why don’t the students model all the organelles in the cell?

A

Only chromosomes, cytoplasm, microtubules and nuclei are directly involved in the mitotic process.

74
Q

For the problem of curing cancer, scientists have turned to

A

stem cells

75
Q

What role does stem cell therapy have on cancer

A

Breakthroughs in stem cell therapy have helped to fight many cancers that were once thought untreatable.

76
Q

What are cancers casued by

A

​​​Cancers are a group of diseases caused by uncontrolled cell growth.

77
Q

What happens to old cells in cancer

A

In cancer, old cells do not die, but rather grow out of control, forming new, abnormal cells. ​

78
Q

One kind of medicine used to treat cancer is chemotherapy. What is cheomotherpahy

A

Chemotherapy is a drug therapy in which patients are given a powerful medicine designed to destroy rapidly growing cancer cells.

79
Q

What is a drawbakc of chemotherpahy

A

Unfortunately, these drugs target all growing cells, not only the ones that are cancerous. Bone marrow and blood cells are particularly vulnerable to chemotherapy. Healthy cells can become too damaged to reproduce, or even be destroyed. This means that chemotherapy treatments are often a race to kill the cancer before too many other cells in the body succumb. In the past, some forms of cancer grew so aggressively that the race was usually lost.

80
Q

Recently, however, scientists have developed a therapy called a stem cell transplant. Wha tis that

A

In a stem cell transplant, stem cells from a donor are used to help replace cells in the body which chemotherapy has destroyed

81
Q

Why does chemotherapy target all growing cells, instead of just the cancer cells?

A

All cells in the body grow by mitosis. The mitotic process is the same in healthy cells as it is in cells with cancerous over proliferation.

82
Q

How would giving a cancer patient more stem cells help to replace the cells in their body?

A

Donor stem cells can differentiate to become bone marrow or blood cells, as the patient’s body requires.

83
Q

Who is the ideal donor for a stem cell transplant?

A

The patients themselves are ideal donors, because their genetic material is an exact match to itself.

84
Q

Would a patient’s father or sister be more likely to be a good match for a stem cell transplant?

A

A patient’s father can only possess half of the same genetic material as the patient, since the other half comes from the mother. A patient’s sister or brother has a chance of being an exact match.

Biology (47 decks)

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