Unit 7 Lesson 8: Disruptions of the Cell Cycle Flashcards
cell cycle
a sequence of specific steps taken by cells to prepare for and perform reproduction
The cell cycle if the process of ..
The cell cycle is the process that eukaryotic cells go through when they reproduce by cell division, creating new cells.
There are four stages of the cell cycle, and each is necessary for a cell to divide correctly. What is the first phase called
G1
What happens during the first phase of the cell cycle; G1?
The cell prepares to divide, during which the cell grows larger and replicates its organelles.
There are four stages of the cell cycle, and each is necessary for a cell to divide correctly. What is the second phase called
S; synthesis
What happens during the second phase of the cell cycle; S?
The cell makes a copy of its DNA (genetic material).
There are four stages of the cell cycle, and each is necessary for a cell to divide correctly. What is the third phase called
G2
What happens during the third phase of the cell cycle; G2?
The genetic material is prepared for division and the proteins needed for cell division are made.
There are four stages of the cell cycle, and each is necessary for a cell to divide correctly. What is the fourth phase called
M
What happens during the fourth phase of the cell cycle; M?
Two copies of DNA (along with organelles and cytoplasm) are split into two “daughter” cells and the cell divides. This stage is called the mitotic stage and includes mitosis and cytokinesis.
Mitosis is a complex process that includes how many steps
4
What happens once mitosis is complete
Once mitosis is complete, the genetic material is divided into two nuclei.
Once mitosis is complete, the genetic material is divided into two nuclei. What does the cell undergo next
The cell then undergoes cytokinesis, which separates the organelles and cytoplasm into two.
How long does it take human cells to divide
Most human cells take about 24 hours to divide, but some can divide within nine or ten hours
What are checkpoints in the cell cycle
There are many points during the cell cycle when the process of division may stop because of a problem. These are known as checkpoints.
How many checkpoints does the cell cycle have
There are three checkpoints in the cell cycle.
There are three checkpoints in the cell cycle. If the process proceeds anyway, the cell may self-destruct through a process called
apoptosis.
apoptosis
a series of steps the cell takes in order to self-destruct
What kind of cells does apoptosis
Apoptosis destroys damaged, old, and unnecessary cells.
In rare cases, cells may divide without going through the checkpoint process and fail to self-destruct. What happens then
When this happens, unhealthy and/or damaged cells divide quickly, causing a range of health issues.
The most common health issue that can result from problems in cell division is
cancer
cancer
a disease caused by disruptions in the cell cycle that leads to uncontrollable growth and reproduction of certain cell types
What happens when cells with mutations ignore checkpoints
When cells with mutations ignore checkpoints during mitosis, they divide uncontrollably, forming tumors.
If left unchecked what do tumors do
Left unchecked, tumors can quickly cause serious damage and often kill the organism.
What cells do cancer treatments target
Cancer treatments target cells that are going through the cell cycle; this can kill vulnerable cancer cells before they have the chance to divide.
Since cancer cells divide quickly, these types of treatments mostly target these cells. However there is a major drawback to this, what is it
However, normal cells divide as well, so some of these normal, healthy cells also get destroyed by these treatments.
How does cancer treatments affect cells that divide often
Cells that divide often, like the cells that grow hair and the cells of the digestive tract, are especially vulnerable to these cancer treatments. This causes the symptoms of hair loss, nausea, and vomiting that is commonly seen with cancer patients.
Other health issues can result from problems with cell division. Elaborate on mitochondria
Mitochondria, which power every cell in the body, can be damaged by DNA errors during cell replication.
Other health issues can result from problems with cell division. Mitochondria, which power every cell in the body, can be damaged by DNA errors during cell replication. This can cause symptoms such as:
- breathing difficulties
- diabetes
- digestive problems
- heart, liver, or kidney disease
- intellectual delays or disabilities
- muscle weakness or fatigue
- poor growth
- seizures
- vision or hearing problems
Cell mutations have also been linked to diseases that are most common in old age, such as
Alzheimer’s disease, heart disease, and Parkinson’s disease. These diseases are often degenerative, meaning that they get worse over time.
How many stages are there in the process of cell division? What are the stages called?
There are four stages: G1
, S
, G2
, and M
(mitotic phase).
Under what circumstances can the cell cycle lead to cancer?
The cell cycle can lead to cancer if DNA is not copied correctly during cell division. When the mutated cells do not stop at the built-in checkpoints or self-destruct through apoptosis, they divide uncontrollably, forming tumors.
Explain the relationship between cancer, cell cycle checkpoints, and apoptosis.
There are three checkpoints in the cell cycle when the cell determines if it has properly prepared for cell division. Normally, if the cell determines that it is not ready and it cannot fix the problem, it undergoes apoptosis, resulting in cell death. However, in most cancer cells, these checkpoints are ignored, and even with problems, these cells continue to divide.
