Unit 7 Lesson 8: Disruptions of the Cell Cycle

Question 1

cell cycle

Answer 1

a sequence of specific steps taken by cells to prepare for and perform reproduction

Question 2

The cell cycle if the process of ..

Answer 2

The cell cycle is the process that eukaryotic cells go through when they reproduce by cell division, creating new cells.

Question 3

There are four stages of the cell cycle, and each is necessary for a cell to divide correctly. What is the first phase called

Answer 3

G1

Question 4

What happens during the first phase of the cell cycle; G1?

Answer 4

The cell prepares to divide, during which the cell grows larger and replicates its organelles.

Question 5

There are four stages of the cell cycle, and each is necessary for a cell to divide correctly. What is the second phase called

Answer 5

S; synthesis

Question 6

What happens during the second phase of the cell cycle; S?

Answer 6

The cell makes a copy of its DNA (genetic material).

Question 7

There are four stages of the cell cycle, and each is necessary for a cell to divide correctly. What is the third phase called

Answer 7

G2

Question 8

What happens during the third phase of the cell cycle; G2?

Answer 8

The genetic material is prepared for division and the proteins needed for cell division are made.

Question 9

There are four stages of the cell cycle, and each is necessary for a cell to divide correctly. What is the fourth phase called

Answer 9

M

Question 10

What happens during the fourth phase of the cell cycle; M?

Answer 10

Two copies of DNA (along with organelles and cytoplasm) are split into two “daughter” cells and the cell divides. This stage is called the mitotic stage and includes mitosis and cytokinesis.

Question 11

Mitosis is a complex process that includes how many steps

Answer 11

4

Question 12

What happens once mitosis is complete

Answer 12

Once mitosis is complete, the genetic material is divided into two nuclei.

Question 13

Once mitosis is complete, the genetic material is divided into two nuclei. What does the cell undergo next

Answer 13

The cell then undergoes cytokinesis, which separates the organelles and cytoplasm into two.

Question 14

How long does it take human cells to divide

Answer 14

Most human cells take about 24 hours to divide, but some can divide within nine or ten hours

Question 15

What are checkpoints in the cell cycle

Answer 15

There are many points during the cell cycle when the process of division may stop because of a problem. These are known as checkpoints.

Question 16

How many checkpoints does the cell cycle have

Answer 16

There are three checkpoints in the cell cycle.

Question 17

There are three checkpoints in the cell cycle. If the process proceeds anyway, the cell may self-destruct through a process called

Answer 17

apoptosis.

Question 18

apoptosis

Answer 18

a series of steps the cell takes in order to self-destruct

Question 19

What kind of cells does apoptosis

Answer 19

Apoptosis destroys damaged, old, and unnecessary cells.

Question 20

In rare cases, cells may divide without going through the checkpoint process and fail to self-destruct. What happens then

Answer 20

When this happens, unhealthy and/or damaged cells divide quickly, causing a range of health issues.

Question 21

The most common health issue that can result from problems in cell division is

Answer 21

cancer

Question 22

cancer

Answer 22

a disease caused by disruptions in the cell cycle that leads to uncontrollable growth and reproduction of certain cell types

Question 23

What happens when cells with mutations ignore checkpoints

Answer 23

When cells with mutations ignore checkpoints during mitosis, they divide uncontrollably, forming tumors.

Question 24

If left unchecked what do tumors do

Answer 24

Left unchecked, tumors can quickly cause serious damage and often kill the organism.

Question 25

What cells do cancer treatments target

Answer 25

Cancer treatments target cells that are going through the cell cycle; this can kill vulnerable cancer cells before they have the chance to divide.

Question 26

Since cancer cells divide quickly, these types of treatments mostly target these cells. However there is a major drawback to this, what is it

Answer 26

However, normal cells divide as well, so some of these normal, healthy cells also get destroyed by these treatments.

Question 27

How does cancer treatments affect cells that divide often

Answer 27

Cells that divide often, like the cells that grow hair and the cells of the digestive tract, are especially vulnerable to these cancer treatments. This causes the symptoms of hair loss, nausea, and vomiting that is commonly seen with cancer patients.

Question 28

Other health issues can result from problems with cell division. Elaborate on mitochondria

Answer 28

Mitochondria, which power every cell in the body, can be damaged by DNA errors during cell replication.

Question 29

Other health issues can result from problems with cell division. Mitochondria, which power every cell in the body, can be damaged by DNA errors during cell replication. This can cause symptoms such as:

Answer 29

• breathing difficulties
• diabetes
• digestive problems
• heart, liver, or kidney disease
• intellectual delays or disabilities
• muscle weakness or fatigue
• poor growth
• seizures
• vision or hearing problems

Question 30

Cell mutations have also been linked to diseases that are most common in old age, such as

Answer 30

Alzheimer’s disease, heart disease, and Parkinson’s disease. These diseases are often degenerative, meaning that they get worse over time.

Question 31

How many stages are there in the process of cell division? What are the stages called?

Answer 31

There are four stages: G1
, S
, G2
, and M
(mitotic phase).

Question 32

Under what circumstances can the cell cycle lead to cancer?

Answer 32

The cell cycle can lead to cancer if DNA is not copied correctly during cell division. When the mutated cells do not stop at the built-in checkpoints or self-destruct through apoptosis, they divide uncontrollably, forming tumors.

Question 33

Explain the relationship between cancer, cell cycle checkpoints, and apoptosis.

Answer 33

There are three checkpoints in the cell cycle when the cell determines if it has properly prepared for cell division. Normally, if the cell determines that it is not ready and it cannot fix the problem, it undergoes apoptosis, resulting in cell death. However, in most cancer cells, these checkpoints are ignored, and even with problems, these cells continue to divide.