Unit 7 AP Biology Review

Question 1

Separation of DNA by size using electricity

Answer 1

Electrophoresis

Question 2

Often times, there is not enough DNA to run through gels so scientists use a method called __________ _____ ________ (PCR) to amplify the DNA

Answer 2

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Question 3

Bacteria can be induced to take in foreign genes via _______ and then cultured to produce specific ________

Answer 3

Transformation
Plasmid
Proteins

Question 4

Applications for Genetic Engineering

Answer 4

Cloning
Gene Modification
CRISPR
Medical Industry

Question 5

A very important tool in genetic engineering is ___________ enzyme. These enzymes _____ DNA at very specific locations and have the ability to create ______ ends

Answer 5

Restriction
Slice
Sticky

Question 6

If DNA from two species is spliced with the same restriction enzyme, fragments from each species may match up creating ___________ DNA

Answer 6

Recombinate

Question 7

A change in allele frequency over time

Answer 7

Microevolution

Question 8

A tool that measures the changes in allele within populations

Answer 8

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

Question 9

p2+2pq+q2=1 and p+q=1
What do each variables represent?

Answer 9

p2= Homozygous Dominant Individuals
2pq= Heterozygous Individuals
q2= Homozygous Recessive Individuals
p= Dominant Allele Frequencies
q= Recessive Allele Frequencies

Question 10

A major mechanism in certain species that results in a recombination of genes

Answer 10

Sexual Reproduction

Question 11

Another major source of varations

Answer 11

Mutations

Question 12

What are the two types of Mutations?

Answer 12

Chromosomal and Point Mutations
Also known as Small scale and Large scale Mutations

Question 13

What is in Chromosomal/ Small scale Mutations?

Answer 13

Duplicate
Inverse
Remove
Transport

Question 14

What is in Point/ Large scale Mutations?

Answer 14

Insertion
Deletion
Substitution

Question 15

If allele frequencies do not change over time, a population is considered to be in

Answer 15

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Question 16

Five Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium are

Answer 16

Random Mating
No Mutations
No Gene Flow
No Natural Selection
Large Population Size

Question 17

When man purposely manipulates the crossing of two species/breeds, we call this

Answer 17

Artificial Selection

Question 18

Three mechanisms for evolution

Answer 18

Natural Selection
Gene Flow
Genetic Drift

Question 19

Two forms of Genetic Drift include

Answer 19

Bottleneck Effect and Founder’s Effect

Question 20

What are some qualities of Genetic Drift?

Answer 20

It is Random
It decreases Genetic Diversity
It heavily influences small populations

Question 21

Charles Darwin developed the theory of

Answer 21

Natural Selection

Question 22

What are the four components of the Natural Selection Theory?

Answer 22

1. There is variation among individuals
2. Some of that variation is hereditary (inherited)
3. Populations can produce more individuals than the environment can support
4. The most fit individuals survive and produce the most offspring

Question 23

When populations experience speciations while living in the same habitat

Answer 23

Sympatric
(Sym- means same)

Question 24

Results from a cellular mistake in which the chromosomes duplicate but the cell does not complete cell division

Answer 24

Polyploidy

Question 25

__________ evolution occurs when two very different species (distant common ancestor) develop structures that are similar in function, but not internal anatomy

Answer 25

Convergent

Question 26

__________ is the view that evolution occurs slowly but constantly

Answer 26

Gradualism

Question 27

__________ equilibrium is the view that evolution occurs sporadically but when it does occur, changes are drastic

Answer 27

Punctuated

Question 28

When populations experience __________ isolation, they may begin to evolve due to environmental _________ and differences in random _________

Answer 28

Geographic Pressures Mutations

Question 29

The finches of Galapagos are good examples of _________ evolution

Answer 29

Divergent

Question 30

Multiple species arising from a common ancestor

Answer 30

Divergent Evolution

Question 31

new species arising due to geographic isolation

Answer 31

Allopatric Speciations

Question 32

When multiple resources are available to the geographically isolated populations

Answer 32

Adaptive Radiation

Question 33

The sub population may develop __________ structures (such as the beak of finches)

Answer 33

Homologous

Question 34

Same internal structure (indicating a close common ancestor) but different function (eating different types of food)

Answer 34

Homologous Structures

Question 35

Different internal structures (not indicating a close common ancestor) but same function (wings used for flying)

Answer 35

Analogous Structures

Question 36

Barriers that exist before the zygote

Answer 36

Pre-zygotic Barriers

Question 37

What are the pre-zygotic barriers?

Answer 37

Habitat Isolation Temporal Isolation Behavioral Isolation Mechanical Isolation Gametic Isolation

Question 38

If two species can overcome the prezygotic barriers to produce the zygote, there are more barriers called

Answer 38

Post-zygotic Barriers

Question 39

What are the three Post-zygotic barriers?

Answer 39

Hybrid Inviability Hybrid Fertility Hybrid Breakdown

Question 40

Offspring will not develop/survive

Answer 40

Hybrid Inviability (P generation)

Question 41

Offspring cannot reproduce

Answer 41

Hybrid Fertility (F1 generation)

Question 42

Offspring is infertile and cannot produce next generation

Answer 42

Hybrid Breakdown (F2 generation)

Question 43

What are the six evidences for evolution?

Answer 43

1. Fossil Record 2. Similarities in embryonic development 3. Vestigial structures/organs 4. Analogous/Homologous Structures 5. Similarities in DNA and Proteins 6. Biogeography (Similarities among species that live in different places)

Question 44

Many scientists agree that the earth formed about _._ billion years ago

Answer 44

4.6

Question 45

The earth was too hostile to live on until _._ billion years ago

Answer 45

3.9

Question 46

The first fossil dates back to _._ billion years ago

Answer 46

3.5

Question 47

The first cells would have been _________ due to the fact that there would have been a low amount of ______ in the early atmosphere

Answer 47

Anaerobic Oxygen