Unit 8 Nervous System Examination Review Flashcards
List three primary functions of the nervous system
Sensory Input, Integration, and Motor Output
List the two main divisions of the nervous system
Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
Brain and Spinal Cord
Central Nervous System
Nerves outside the Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
List the two subdivisions of the Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic and Autonomic Division
Allows conscious/voluntary control of the skeletal muscles
Includes reflexes
Somatic Division
Regulates events that are automatic or involuntary
Autonomic Division
What are the two subdivisions of the Autonomic system?
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Prepares the body for action and stress
Sympathetic
Calms the body and helps the body in ‘Rest and Digest’
Parasympathetic
List the two cell types found in the nervous tissue
Neuroglia and Neurons
Insulates, Supports, Provides nutrients, and protects delicate nerons. Also known as supporting cells
Neuroglia
Nerve cells that transmit impulses
Neurons
What are the three types of neurons?
Sensory Neurons, Interneurons, and Motor Neurons
Carry impulses from receptors to the CNS
Sensory Neurons
Connect Sensory and Motor Neurons in the CNS
Interneurons
Carry impulses from the CNS to a muscle or a gland
Motor Neurons
Two functional properties of a neuron
Irritability and Conductivity
Ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it into a nerve impulse
Irritability
Ability to transmit the impulse to other neurons, muscles, or glands
Conductivity
Fibers that receive and convey messages to the cell body
Dendrite
Fibers that conduct impulses away from the cell body
Axon
Insulates fingers and increases the rate of transmission of the nerve impulse
Myelin Sheath
Cells that wrap themselves around the nerves outside the CNS
Schwann Cells
Gaps between Schwann cells, allowing impulse to jump from node to node, increasing transmission speed
Nodes of Ranvier
Branching fibers at the end of the axon; contain vesicles filled with chemicals called neurotransmitters
Axon terminal
Stimulates the release of neurotransmitters
When Action Potential reaches the Axon Terminal
Action potential along the Axon is electrical and Transmission of the impulse across the synapse is chemical
How is a nerve impulse electrochemical
Rapid, predictable, involuntary responses to stimuli
Reflexes
Occur over pathways called
Reflex Arcs
Signal goes to ______ ____ and immediate response is sent, protecting the body
spinal cord
List five parts of a reflex arc:
1. ________ - Responds to Stimuli
2. _______ (________) Neuron
3. ___________ Center- Spinal Cord
4. _____ (________) Neuron
5. ________- Muscle or Gland Stimulated
Receptor
Sensory (Afferent)
Integration
Motor (Efferent)
Effector
What are the 2 types of tissue in the brain?
White and Gray Matter
Transmits signals between different brain regions
White Matter
Unmyelinated cell bodies, process information
Gray Matter
List four major regions of the brain and which is the largest?
- Cerebrum (largest)
- Diencephalon
- Brain Steam
- Cerebellum
Largest fiber tract that connects the two cerebral hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
Outermost layer of the cerebrum that is composed of gray Matter. Responsible for thinking and processing information from the five senses
Cerebral Cortex
Motor function, solving, memory, language, judgement, and socially acceptable behavior
Frontal Lobe
Process sensory information such as touch, temperature, and taste
Parietal Lobe
Auditory processing and olfactory area deep inside
Temporal Lobe
Visual processing center
Occipital Lobe
What are the three parts of the brain stem?
Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata
Reflex center for vision and hearing, eye movements
Midbrain
Coordinates information between brain areas, involved in breathing
Pons
Blood Pressure, Breathing, and Heart Rate
Medulla Oblongata
Percise timing for muscle activity, balance & equilibrium, and makes body movements & coordinated
Cerebellum
List the 4 structures or systems that protect the nervous system:
- Bones- _____ and _________
- ________ - Connective tissue membranes
- _____________ _____ - Provides a watery cushion for the brain and spinal cord
- _____-_____ Barrier- Neurons are protected from blood-borne substances by the least permeable capillaries in the body
Skull and Vertebrae
Meninges
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Blood-Brain
Continuous with the brain stem
Connects the brain to nerves
Enclose with vertebrae
Extends from the foramen magnum to L1 or L2
Provides a 2-way path to and from the brain
Major reflex center
Spinal Cord
12
Serve primarily the head and neck
Cranial Nerves
31
Exit from the vertebral column, intercostal nerves exit from T1 to T12
Spinal Nerves
Motor Subdivision of the PNS that automatically controls body activities
Maintains Homeostasis
Includes neurons that control: Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle, and Glands
Autonomic system
Mobilizes the body during extreme situations
Sympathetic
Allows us to unwind and conserve energy
Parasympathetic
Do the parasympathetic and sympathetic system serve the same organs?
Yes
Enables the body to cope rapidly and vigorously with situations that may disrupt homeostasis
Fight-or-Flight Response
When does the Fight-or-Flight Response work best?
When a threat is clear, well-defined, and measurable
