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Phoebe's Class > Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Chemistry of Life Flashcards

Unit 1 AP Biology

1
Q

Anything that has mass and takes up space

A

Matter

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2
Q

Matter in its simplest form

A

Element

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3
Q

Smallest form of an element that still displays its particular properties

A

Atom

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4
Q

Positive Charge

A

Cations

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5
Q

Negative Charge

A

Anions

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6
Q

Composed of more than one type of element

A

Compound

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7
Q

Contain carbon and usually hydrogen

A

Organic Compounds

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8
Q

NH2 group with R, contains amino acids

A

Amino group

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9
Q

R-C=OH-H group, hydroxide in one of the R spots and a carbon chain in the other

A

Carboxyl group

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10
Q

These molecules are polar

A

Water Molecules

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11
Q

The attraction between a positively charged atom and any other electronegative atom, such as oxygen

A

Hydrogen bonding

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12
Q

Water molecules linking together due to hydrogen bonds

A

Cohesion

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13
Q

A water molecule is attracted to another substance due to hydrogen bonds

A

Adhesion

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14
Q

Helps regulate body temperatures due to the water temperature slowly changing as well as holding the temperature well

A

High Specific Heat/ Heat Capacity

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15
Q

The energy required to transform a given quantity of a substance from a liquid into a gas at a given pressure. An example would be sweating

A

Heat of Vaporization/Evaporation Cooling

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15
Q

Made up of single units called monomer that are joined together via covalent bonds to form large polymers

A

Macromolecules

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16
Q

Allows water to be resistant to external forces due to the cohesive nature of the water molecules to one another instead of to the surrounding molecules in the air

A

Surface tension

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16
Q

Solid water molecules form a lattice that is less than liquid water which therefore floats. An example would be ice or a frozen lake

A

Density Changes

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16
Q

The partially positive hydrogen atom connect to the partially negative charged oxygen through ________ _____

A

Hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

Name the four macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

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17
Q

Forms a covalent bond between two monomer units while releasing a water molecule

A

Dehydration Synthesis

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18
Q

Covalent bonds between monomer units are broken by the addition of water

A

Hydrolysis

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19
Q

A bond in which atoms share one or more electrons

A

Covalent bonds

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20
Q

This macromolecule is an organic compound used by cells as a long-term energy storage or building blocks

A

Lipids

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21
Q

This macromolecule is hydrophobic and insoluble in water

A

Lipids

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22
Q

These are the most important lipids

A

Fats, oils, steroids, and phospholipids

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23
Q

This macromolecule is made by combining glycerol and three fatty acids

A

Lipids

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24
Q

Contains no double bonds

A

Saturated Fats

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25
Q

Contain one or more double bonds

A

Unsaturated fats

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26
Q

Is a lipid composed of four carbon rings. An example of this would be Cholesterol

A

Steroids

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27
Q

A lipid formed by combining a glycerol molecule with two fatty acids and a phosphate group

A

Phospholipids

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28
Q

This lipid has amphipathic structures which means they have two hydrophobic tails (a hydrocarbon chain) and a hydrophilic head (the phosphate group)

A

Phospholipids

29
Q

This macromolecule has the element C, H, and O contained in the fat structure

30
Q

This macromolecule can be simple sugars or complex molecules containing multiple sugars

A

Carbohydrates

31
Q

This macromolecule is used by the cells of the body in energy-producing reactions and as structural materials

A

Carbohydrates

32
Q

This macromolecule also has the elements C, H, and O

A

Carbohydrates

33
Q

A simple sugar that is the simplest form of carbohydrate

A

Monosaccharide

34
Q

Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most important

A

Monosaccharide

35
Q

Is used in cellular respiration to provide energy for cells

36
Q

A sugar consisting of two monosaccharides bound together

A

Disaccharide

37
Q

Sucrose, maltose, and lactose

A

Disaccharide

38
Q

A main energy carbohydrate in plants which is a combination of fructose and glucose

39
Q

A carbohydrate used in the creation of beer which is a combination of two glucose molecules

40
Q

Found in dairy products which is a combination of galactose and glucose

41
Q

A carbohydrate containing three or more monosaccharide molecules

A

Polysaccharide

42
Q

Acts as a storage form of energy and as structural materials in & around cells

A

Polysaccharide

43
Q

Starch and Glycogen

A

Polysaccharide

44
Q

Storage form choice for plants

45
Q

Storage form for animals, found in the liver and muscle cells

46
Q

Two important structural polysaccharides

A

Cellulose and Chitin

47
Q

A compound composed of many glucose molecules, is used by plants in the formation of their cell walls

48
Q

An important part of the exoskeletons of arthropods such as insects, spiders, and shellfish

49
Q

A macromolecule compound that is composed of chains of amino acids

50
Q

Consists of a carbon center by an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and an R group

A

Amino Acid (AA)

51
Q

Stands for “rest of the compound”

52
Q

Acidic Amino Acids have

A

Acidic R Groups

53
Q

Basic amino acids have

A

Basic R Groups

54
Q

This macromolecule consists of amino acids linked together

55
Q

Three-dimensional arrangement of a protein caused by hydrogen bonding at regular intervals along the polypeptide backbone

A

Secondary Structure

55
Q

The order of amino acids that make up the protein

A

Primary Structure

56
Q

Three-dimensional arrangement of a protein caused by interaction among the various R Groups of the amino acids involved

A

Tertiary Structure

57
Q

The arrangement of separate polypeptide “subunits” into a single protein. Not all proteins have this structure as many consist of a single polypeptide chain

A

Quaternary Structure

58
Q

Proteins with only primary and secondary structure

A

Fibrous Proteins

59
Q

Proteins with only primary, secondary, and tertiary strcutures

A

Globular proteins

60
Q

These two may contain a quaternary structure if there is more than one polypeptide chain

A

Fibrous and Globular proteins

61
Q

Composed of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine

62
Q

Adenine and Guanine are a type of nitrogenous base and contains a double-ring structure

63
Q

Thymine and cytosine are a type of nitrogenous base and contains a single-ring structure

A

Pyrimidine

64
Q

DNA was arranged in a

A

Double Helix

65
Q

A and T are held together by

A

Two Hydrogen Bonds

66
Q

C and G are held together by

A

Three Hydrogen Bonds

67
Q

The sugar for DNA is

A

Deoxyribose

68
Q

The two strands of DNA run ____________ to each other, the 5’ end to the 3’ end

A

anti-parallel

69
Q

Both have sugar phosphate backbone, and both have four different nucleotides

A

Similarities between DNA and RNA

70
Q

The nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

71
Q

Sugar for RNA is

72
Q

Has a single-stranded instead of double

73
Q

Three main types of RNA

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA), and Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

74
Q

This macromolecule contains the elements C, H, O, N

Phoebe's Class (33 decks)

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