Unit 6 AP Biology Review Sheet Review Flashcards
Process by which information from a gene is used ro produce a functional product like a protein
Gene expression
Mechanisms that control when, how, and how much of a gene is expressed, allowing cells to respond to their environment or developmental needs
Gene regulation
When a gene’s RNA is edited in different ways to create multiple protein variants
Alternative Splicing
Carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis
mRNA
Brings amio acids to the ribosome to build proteins
tRNA
A part of the ribosome, where protein synthesis occurs
rRNA
Central Dogma
DNA transcription to RNA and RNA translates to protein
A sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid
Codon
Seuence of three nucleotides in tRNA that pairs with the _____ in mRNA during translation
Anticodon
Process by which a cell becomes specialized to perform a specific function
Cell differentiation
Positive sequences
Promoters and Enhancers
Negative sequences
Repressors and Silencers
Gene regulation in Prokaryotes
Operons
Types of Operons and examples
Inducible Operons (Lac)
Repressible Operons (Trp)
Gene Regulation In Eukaryotes
Transcription Factors, Enhancers
microRNAs
Epigenetics
Controls the rate at which genes are transcribed into mRNA
Transcription Factors, Enchancers
Small RNAS that bind to mRNA to block its translation or cause its degradation
MicroRNAs
Involves changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence, such as DNA methylation and histone modification
Epigenetics
_________ is determined by the combination of genes that are expressed
Phenotype
What consists of Point Mutation?
Substitution and Frameshift
What consists of Substiution Mutation?
Silent, Missense, and Nonsense
What consists of Frameshift Mutation?
Insertions and Deletions
A change in DNA that doesn’t affect the protein because it codes for the same amino acid
Silent Mutation
A change in DNA that results in a different amino acid in the protein
Missense Mutation
A change in DNA that creates a stop codon, shortening the protein
Nonsense Mutation
A mutation where extra nucleotides are added to the DNA sequence
Insertion Mutation
A mutation where nucleotides are removed from the DNA sequence
Deletion Mutation
A change ins tructure or number of chromosomes, which can involve deletions, duplications, inversions, or translocations of large DNA segments
Chromosomal Mutations
Increases genetic variation in prokaryotes
Horizontal Gene Transfer
The process by which bacteria take up and incorporate foreign DNA from their environement (naked DNA)
Transformation
The transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct contact, often via a pilus
Conjugation
The movement of genetic elements (transposons) within a genome, sometimes from one chromosome to another
Transposition
The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another via a virus (bacteriophage)
Transduction
Specialized stryctyres composed of short repeated sequences of DNA found on the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes that protect the integirty and length of the chromosomes after each replication
Telomeres
Protect the RNA and helps in attachment to the ribosome
GTP Cap
Help ease the movement from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
Poly A Tail
