Unit 6 AP Biology Review Sheet Review

Question 1

Process by which information from a gene is used ro produce a functional product like a protein

Answer 1

Gene expression

Question 2

Mechanisms that control when, how, and how much of a gene is expressed, allowing cells to respond to their environment or developmental needs

Answer 2

Gene regulation

Question 3

When a gene’s RNA is edited in different ways to create multiple protein variants

Answer 3

Alternative Splicing

Question 4

Carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis

Answer 4

mRNA

Question 5

Brings amio acids to the ribosome to build proteins

Answer 5

tRNA

Question 6

A part of the ribosome, where protein synthesis occurs

Answer 6

rRNA

Question 7

Central Dogma

Answer 7

DNA transcription to RNA and RNA translates to protein

Question 8

A sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid

Answer 8

Codon

Question 9

Seuence of three nucleotides in tRNA that pairs with the _____ in mRNA during translation

Answer 9

Anticodon

Question 10

Process by which a cell becomes specialized to perform a specific function

Answer 10

Cell differentiation

Question 11

Positive sequences

Answer 11

Promoters and Enhancers

Question 12

Negative sequences

Answer 12

Repressors and Silencers

Question 13

Gene regulation in Prokaryotes

Answer 13

Operons

Question 14

Types of Operons and examples

Answer 14

Inducible Operons (Lac)
Repressible Operons (Trp)

Question 15

Gene Regulation In Eukaryotes

Answer 15

Transcription Factors, Enhancers
microRNAs
Epigenetics

Question 16

Controls the rate at which genes are transcribed into mRNA

Answer 16

Transcription Factors, Enchancers

Question 17

Small RNAS that bind to mRNA to block its translation or cause its degradation

Answer 17

MicroRNAs

Question 18

Involves changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence, such as DNA methylation and histone modification

Answer 18

Epigenetics

Question 19

_________ is determined by the combination of genes that are expressed

Answer 19

Phenotype

Question 20

What consists of Point Mutation?

Answer 20

Substitution and Frameshift

Question 21

What consists of Substiution Mutation?

Answer 21

Silent, Missense, and Nonsense

Question 22

What consists of Frameshift Mutation?

Answer 22

Insertions and Deletions

Question 23

A change in DNA that doesn’t affect the protein because it codes for the same amino acid

Answer 23

Silent Mutation

Question 24

A change in DNA that results in a different amino acid in the protein

Answer 24

Missense Mutation

Question 25

A change in DNA that creates a stop codon, shortening the protein

Answer 25

Nonsense Mutation

Question 26

A mutation where extra nucleotides are added to the DNA sequence

Answer 26

Insertion Mutation

Question 27

A mutation where nucleotides are removed from the DNA sequence

Answer 27

Deletion Mutation

Question 28

A change ins tructure or number of chromosomes, which can involve deletions, duplications, inversions, or translocations of large DNA segments

Answer 28

Chromosomal Mutations

Question 29

Increases genetic variation in prokaryotes

Answer 29

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Question 30

The process by which bacteria take up and incorporate foreign DNA from their environement (naked DNA)

Answer 30

Transformation

Question 31

The transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct contact, often via a pilus

Answer 31

Conjugation

Question 32

The movement of genetic elements (transposons) within a genome, sometimes from one chromosome to another

Answer 32

Transposition

Question 33

The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another via a virus (bacteriophage)

Answer 33

Transduction

Question 34

Specialized stryctyres composed of short repeated sequences of DNA found on the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes that protect the integirty and length of the chromosomes after each replication

Answer 34

Telomeres

Question 35

Protect the RNA and helps in attachment to the ribosome

Answer 35

GTP Cap

Question 36

Help ease the movement from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Answer 36

Poly A Tail