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Phoebe's Class > Muscular System Review > Flashcards

Muscular System Review Flashcards

1
Q

List the four primary functions of the muscles

A
  1. Movement of the body
  2. Maintaining posture and body position
  3. Communicating with facial expressions
  4. Variety of involuntary functions
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2
Q

Muscles _____ at least one joint

A

cross

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3
Q

The bulk of the muscle is usually ________ to crossed joint

A

proximal

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4
Q

All muscles have at least ___ attachments. What are those attachments?

A

two, Origin and Insertion

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5
Q

Muscles can only ____

A

pull

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6
Q

During ___________, the muscle insertion moves toward the origin

A

contraction

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7
Q

Involuntary, no striations, and in walls of visceral organs

A

Smooth Muscle

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8
Q

Involuntary, striations, and found only in the heart

A

Cardiac Muscle

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9
Q

Voluntary, striations, and attached to bones

A

Skeletal Muscle

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10
Q

Outside of the muscle, bundles of fascicle

A

Epimysium

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11
Q

Around each fascicle, bundles of muscle fibers

A

Perimysium

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12
Q

Inner most layer, around each muscle fiber, cell

A

Endomysium

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13
Q

Cell membrane of the muscle fibers

A

Sarcolemma

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14
Q

Stores calcium Ions needed for contraction

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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15
Q

Muscle fibers packaged into bundles

A

Fascicle

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16
Q

Long, ribbon-like fibers of a muscle cell

A

Myofibril

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17
Q

Thread-like proteins in the myofibril

A

Myofilaments

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18
Q

A functional unit of muscle fibers

A

Sarcomere

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19
Q

Thick filament

A

Myosin

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20
Q

Thin filament

A

Actin

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21
Q

One motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells it stimulates

A

Motor Unit

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22
Q

Synapse (space) where the neuron and muscle cell meet

A

Neuromuscular Junction

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23
Q

Region between the axon and dendrites

A

Synaptic Cleft

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24
Q

Neurotransmitter responsible for muscle contraction

A

Acetylcholine

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25
Q

Enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine molecules

A

Acetylcholinesterase

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26
Q

Triggers the binding of myosin to actin by interacting with regulatory proteins

A

Calcium

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27
Q

The sarcomere shortens when thin and thick filaments slide past each other

A

Sliding filament theory

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28
Q

What is the first step of muscle contraction?

A

Nerve impulses reaches the axon terminal

29
Q

What is the second step of muscle contraction?

A

Acetylcholine (Ach) is released into the synapse

30
Q

What is the third step of muscle contraction?

A

Ach crosses synapse and binds to receptors on sarcolemma

31
Q

What is the fourth step of muscle contraction?

A

Ach causes change in membrane’s permeability; Action potential is generated

32
Q

What is the fifth step of muscle contraction?

A

Calcium Ions are released from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

33
Q

What is the sixth step of muscle contraction?

A

Calcium binds to regulatory proteins on actin, exposing binding sites for myosin

34
Q

What is the seventh step of muscle contraction?

A

Myosin heads bind to actin forming crossbridges

35
Q

What is the eighth step of muscle contraction?

A

Actin filaments are pulled toward the center of the sarcomere

36
Q

What is the final step of muscle contraction?

A

The sarcomere shortens and he muscle contracts

37
Q

Muscle that produces a particular movement

38
Q

Produces the opposite effect on the same bones

A

Antagonists

39
Q

Muscles that help stabilize a movement

A

Synergists

40
Q

Muscles that stabilize the origin of a prime mover

41
Q

Decreases angle of the joint, two bones come closer together

42
Q

Increases angle of the joint, increased distance between two bones

43
Q

Moving a limb away from the midline

44
Q

Moving a limb towards the midline

45
Q

Combination of flexion, extension, abducting, and adduction, circle motion at distal end

A

Circumduction

46
Q

Lifting foot towards the shin

A

Dorsiflexion

47
Q

Depressing (moving down) the foot

A

Plantar flexion

48
Q

Hand moves laterally

A

Supination

49
Q

Hand moves medially

50
Q

Attachment to immovable bone

51
Q

Attachment to movable bone

52
Q

When the muscle contracts, the _________ moves toward the ______

A

insertion, origin

53
Q

A muscle cell will contract to its fullest extent; never partially

A

All-or-none law

54
Q

Two ways in which graded muscle contractions can be produced:

A

Changing the frequency of muscle stimulation and the number of muscle cells being stimulated

55
Q

What factor determines how forcefully a muscle contracts?

A

How many cells are stimulated

56
Q

3 minutes or longer

A

Aerobic cellular respiration

57
Q

10 to 30 seconds

A

Creatine phosphate

58
Q

10 seconds to 2 minutes

A

Anaerobic Respiration Glycolysis

59
Q

The muscle becomes unable to contract, even when stimulated

A

Aerobic cellular respiration fatigue

60
Q

What is the cause for aerobic cellular respiration fatigue?

A

It is caused by oxygen debt

61
Q

Limited pool of ________ _________ stored

A

Creatine Phosphate

62
Q

Accumulation of a byproduct called lactic acid

A

Anaerobic Respiration

63
Q

Occurs when the muscle shortens and movement occurs

A

Isotonic contractions

64
Q

Occurs when muscles don’t shorten and no movement occurs

A

Isometric contractions

65
Q

How does regular exercise affect muscles?

A

Increases muscle size, strength, and endurance

66
Q

What are the results of aerobic exercise on muscles?

A

Causes muscles to become stronger, more flexible, and have a greater resistance to fatigue

67
Q

What are the results of resistance or isometric exercise on muscles?

A

Increases muscle size and strength.

68
Q

Enlargement of an individual muscle cell occurs as new ___________ _________ are made

A

contractile filaments

Phoebe's Class (25 decks)

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