Unit 5 AP Biology Review

Question 1

The study of the passing of traits from generation to generation

Answer 1

Heredity

Question 2

Only one copy of each type of chromosome

Answer 2

Haploid (n)

Question 3

Two copies of each type of chromosome (full sets)

Answer 3

Diploid

Question 4

Humans have __ different chromosomes. Meaning there are ___ full sets of these __ chromosomes

Answer 4

23, two

Question 5

Contains two cell divisions

Answer 5

Meiosis

Question 6

Separation of the homologous pairs into separate cells

Answer 6

Meiosis I

Question 7

Separation of the duplicated sister chromatids into chromosomes

Answer 7

Meiosis II

Question 8

Meiosis produces ____ cells from a single cell

Answer 8

four

Question 9

Each chromosome pairs with it’s homologous. The nuclear envelope breaks apart, and spindle apparatus begins to form

Answer 9

Prophase I

Question 10

Chromosomes align along the equatorial plate matched with their homologous partner. This stage ends with the separation of the homologous pairs

Answer 10

Metaphase I

Question 11

Separated homologous pairs move to opposite poles of the cell

Answer 11

Anaphase I

Question 12

In Anaphase I of meiosis, the ______ __________ stay together. It is the __________ _____ that gets pulled apart. This means that the _____ chromosome moves to the pole

Answer 12

Sister Chromatids, Homologous Chromosomes, Whole

Question 13

Nuclear membrane reforms the process of cytoplasmic division begins

Answer 13

Telophase I

Question 14

After the daughter cells split, the two newly formed cells are haploid

Answer 14

Cytokinesis I

Question 15

The nuclear envelope breaks apart, and spindle apparatus begins to form

Answer 15

Prophase II

Question 16

Sister chromatids line up along the equator of the cell

Answer 16

Metaphase II

Question 17

Sister chromatids split apart and are called chromosomes as they are pulled to the poles

Answer 17

Anaphase II

Question 18

The nuclei and the nucleoli for the newly split cells return

Answer 18

Telophase II

Question 19

Newly formed daughter cells physically divide

Answer 19

Cytokinesis II

Question 20

Production of four haploid sperm

Answer 20

Spermatogensis

Question 21

After Meiosis I in females, one cells receives ____ the genetic information and the majority of the _________ of the parent cell. The other cell, _____ ____, simply receives ____ of the genetic information and is cast away

Answer 21

half, cytoplasm, polar body, half

Question 22

During Meiosis II in females, the remaining cell divides a second time, and forms a _____ ____ that is cast away, and a single haploid ____ that contains ____ the genetic information and nearly ___ the _________ of the original parent.

Answer 22

polar body, ovum, half, all, cytoplasm

Question 23

Producing gametes that are haploid and consist of one copy of each type of chromosomes

Answer 23

Meiosis

Question 24

Each copy will match up with another copy of each type of chromosomes to form the diploid zygote

Answer 24

Fertilization

Question 25

The homologous pairs join together

Answer 25

Prophase I

Question 26

When the homologous pairs match up during prophase I of meiosis, complementary pieces from the two homologous chromosomes wrap around each other and are exchanged between the chromosomes

Answer 26

Crossover

Question 27

A variant of a gene for a particular character

Answer 27

Allele

Question 28

The first generation of offspring, or the first "filial" generation in a genetic cross

Answer 28

F1

Question 29

The second generation of offspring, or the second "filial generation in a genetic cross

Answer 29

F2

Question 30

An organism's genetic makeup for a given trait

Answer 30

Genotype

Question 31

An individual is heterozygous for a gene if the two alleles are different

Answer 31

Heterozygous (hybrid)

Question 32

An individual is homozygous for a gene if both of the given alleles are the same

Answer 32

Homozygous (pure)

Question 33

A chart that organizes chromosomes in relation to number, size, and type

Answer 33

Karyotype

Question 34

The improper separation of chromosomes during meiosis, which leads to an abnormal number of chromosomes in offspring

Answer 34

Nondisjunction

Question 35

The parent generation in a genetic cross

Answer 35

P1

Question 36

The physical expression of the trait associated with a particular genotype

Answer 36

Phenotype

Question 37

What are the three sources of cell variation?

Answer 37

1. Independent Assortment 2. Random Fertilization 3. Crossing Over

Question 38

Genetically inherited characteristics that differs from person to person

Answer 38

Character

Question 39

Every organism carries pairs of alleles for each trait and the members of the pair segregate during the formation of gametes

Answer 39

Law of segregation

Question 40

Members of each pair of factors are distributed independently when the gametes are formed. Quite simply, inheritance of one trait or characteristic does not interfere with inheritance of another trait

Answer 40

Law of independent assortment

Question 41

When two opposite pure-breeding varieties of an organism are crossed, all offspring resemble one parent, the dominant trait whereas the recessive trait is hidden

Answer 41

Law of dominance

Question 42

An individual heterozygous for a trait shows characteristics not exactly like either parent, a mixture of both of the parents' genetic input

Answer 42

Intermediate inheritance

Question 43

The heterozygous genotype produces an "intermediate" phenotype rather than the dominant phenotype; neither allele dominates the other

Answer 43

Incomplete dominance

Question 44

Both alleles express themselves fully in a heterozygous organism

Answer 44

Codominance

Question 45

Traits that are affected by more than one gene

Answer 45

Polygenic traits

Question 46

Human blood type is an example of ________ _______

Answer 46

Multiple Alleles

Question 47

The expression of one gene affects the expression of another gene

Answer 47

Epistasis

Question 48

A single gene has multiple effects on an organism

Answer 48

Pleiotropy

Question 49

One that is not directly involved in determining the gender

Answer 49

Autosomal chromosome

Question 50

Wild-type phenotype

Answer 50

More common phenotype for a trait

Question 51

Mutant phenotypes

Answer 51

Traits that are different from the normal

Question 52

One of the two X chromosomes in each cell is randomly "shut down" (Barr body) or inactivated. This makes a cell express the alleles only of the active X chromosome

Answer 52

X inactivation

Question 53

Traits inherited via the Y chromosome

Answer 53

Holandric Traits

Question 54

Genes along the same chromosome that tendon to be inherited together because the chromosome is passed along as a unti

Answer 54

Linked Genes

Question 55

Genetic map put together using crossover frequencies

Answer 55

Linkage Map

Question 56

Used to geographically relate the genes on the basis of these frequencies

Answer 56

Map unit

Question 57

To determine the probability that two random events will occur in succession, you simply multiply the probability of the first event of the probability of the second event

Answer 57

Law of multiplication

Question 58

Family trees used to describe the genetic relationships between a family

Answer 58

Pedigrees

Question 59

In pedigrees, the offspring are listed below their parents from ______ to ________

Answer 59

Oldest, Youngest

Question 60

Error in homologous chromosome separation

Answer 60

Nondisjunction

Question 61

An abnormal number of chromosomes

Answer 61

Aneuploidy

Question 62

When a portion of a chromosome separates and reattaches in the opposite direction

Answer 62

Chromosome inversion

Question 63

Results in repetition of a genetic segment

Answer 63

Chromosome duplication