Unit 5 AP Biology Review Flashcards
The study of the passing of traits from generation to generation
Heredity
Only one copy of each type of chromosome
Haploid (n)
Two copies of each type of chromosome (full sets)
Diploid
Humans have __ different chromosomes. Meaning there are ___ full sets of these __ chromosomes
23, two
Contains two cell divisions
Meiosis
Separation of the homologous pairs into separate cells
Meiosis I
Separation of the duplicated sister chromatids into chromosomes
Meiosis II
Meiosis produces ____ cells from a single cell
four
Each chromosome pairs with it’s homologous. The nuclear envelope breaks apart, and spindle apparatus begins to form
Prophase I
Chromosomes align along the equatorial plate matched with their homologous partner. This stage ends with the separation of the homologous pairs
Metaphase I
Separated homologous pairs move to opposite poles of the cell
Anaphase I
In Anaphase I of meiosis, the ______ __________ stay together. It is the __________ _____ that gets pulled apart. This means that the _____ chromosome moves to the pole
Sister Chromatids, Homologous Chromosomes, Whole
Nuclear membrane reforms the process of cytoplasmic division begins
Telophase I
After the daughter cells split, the two newly formed cells are haploid
Cytokinesis I
The nuclear envelope breaks apart, and spindle apparatus begins to form
Prophase II
Sister chromatids line up along the equator of the cell
Metaphase II
Sister chromatids split apart and are called chromosomes as they are pulled to the poles
Anaphase II
The nuclei and the nucleoli for the newly split cells return
Telophase II
Newly formed daughter cells physically divide
Cytokinesis II
Production of four haploid sperm
Spermatogensis
After Meiosis I in females, one cells receives ____ the genetic information and the majority of the _________ of the parent cell. The other cell, _____ ____, simply receives ____ of the genetic information and is cast away
half, cytoplasm, polar body, half
During Meiosis II in females, the remaining cell divides a second time, and forms a _____ ____ that is cast away, and a single haploid ____ that contains ____ the genetic information and nearly ___ the _________ of the original parent.
polar body, ovum, half, all, cytoplasm
Producing gametes that are haploid and consist of one copy of each type of chromosomes
Meiosis
Each copy will match up with another copy of each type of chromosomes to form the diploid zygote
Fertilization
The homologous pairs join together
Prophase I
When the homologous pairs match up during prophase I of meiosis, complementary pieces from the two homologous chromosomes wrap around each other and are exchanged between the chromosomes
Crossover
A variant of a gene for a particular character
Allele
The first generation of offspring, or the first “filial” generation in a genetic cross
F1
The second generation of offspring, or the second “filial generation in a genetic cross
F2
An organism’s genetic makeup for a given trait
Genotype
An individual is heterozygous for a gene if the two alleles are different
Heterozygous (hybrid)
An individual is homozygous for a gene if both of the given alleles are the same
Homozygous (pure)
A chart that organizes chromosomes in relation to number, size, and type
Karyotype
The improper separation of chromosomes during meiosis, which leads to an abnormal number of chromosomes in offspring
Nondisjunction
The parent generation in a genetic cross
P1
The physical expression of the trait associated with a particular genotype
Phenotype
What are the three sources of cell variation?
- Independent Assortment
- Random Fertilization
- Crossing Over
Genetically inherited characteristics that differs from person to person
Character
Every organism carries pairs of alleles for each trait and the members of the pair segregate during the formation of gametes
Law of segregation
Members of each pair of factors are distributed independently when the gametes are formed. Quite simply, inheritance of one trait or characteristic does not interfere with inheritance of another trait
Law of independent assortment
When two opposite pure-breeding varieties of an organism are crossed, all offspring resemble one parent, the dominant trait whereas the recessive trait is hidden
Law of dominance
An individual heterozygous for a trait shows characteristics not exactly like either parent, a mixture of both of the parents’ genetic input
Intermediate inheritance
The heterozygous genotype produces an “intermediate” phenotype rather than the dominant phenotype; neither allele dominates the other
Incomplete dominance
Both alleles express themselves fully in a heterozygous organism
Codominance
Traits that are affected by more than one gene
Polygenic traits
Human blood type is an example of ________ _______
Multiple Alleles
The expression of one gene affects the expression of another gene
Epistasis
A single gene has multiple effects on an organism
Pleiotropy
One that is not directly involved in determining the gender
Autosomal chromosome
Wild-type phenotype
More common phenotype for a trait
Mutant phenotypes
Traits that are different from the normal
One of the two X chromosomes in each cell is randomly “shut down” (Barr body) or inactivated. This makes a cell express the alleles only of the active X chromosome
X inactivation
Traits inherited via the Y chromosome
Holandric Traits
Genes along the same chromosome that tendon to be inherited together because the chromosome is passed along as a unti
Linked Genes
Genetic map put together using crossover frequencies
Linkage Map
Used to geographically relate the genes on the basis of these frequencies
Map unit
To determine the probability that two random events will occur in succession, you simply multiply the probability of the first event of the probability of the second event
Law of multiplication
Family trees used to describe the genetic relationships between a family
Pedigrees
In pedigrees, the offspring are listed below their parents from ______ to ________
Oldest, Youngest
Error in homologous chromosome separation
Nondisjunction
An abnormal number of chromosomes
Aneuploidy
When a portion of a chromosome separates and reattaches in the opposite direction
Chromosome inversion
Results in repetition of a genetic segment
Chromosome duplication
