Unit 6 AP Biology Terms Review Flashcards
Because DNA replication results in molecules that contain one of the original template strands, it is said to be a ________________ process
Semiconservative
The lagging strand undergoes _____________ replication because replication occurs in pieces called Okazaki fragments
Discontinuous
Regions of DNA in prokaryotes responsible for regulating the expression of a set of related genes
Operons
The region of DNA just upstream of the gene where DNA Polymerase binds to start transcription
Promoter
An enzyme that is primarily responsible for “unzipping” the DNA prior to replication. It breaks hydrogen bonds
Helicase
This is a region of RNA that is removed during splicing
Intron
A step of gene expression that occurs in the nucleus. It uses DNA to make RNA
Transcription
A strand of DNA that codes for the RNA
Template
A series of three mRNA nucleotides that that codes for a particular amino acid. It is complementary to Anticodon
Codon
The type of RNA that is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosome during translation
mRNA
Removing noncoding regions of RNA (Introns) and then fusing the remaining Exons
Splicing
The cellular locations of translation are called
Ribosomes
The enzyme that is primarily responsible for synthesis of new DNA strands during DNA replication
DNA Polymerase
Replication of DNA on the strand referenced in leading strand happens uninterruptedly. Therefore, it is called _________ replication
Continous
The last step of transcription and translation. In transcription, it is when the RNA Polymerase releases from the DNA. In translation, it is when a stop codon is reached
Termination
A modified guanine nucleotide that gets added to the 5’ end of RNA during processing
GTP Cap
A series of three nucleotides of tRNA that is complementary to Codon
Anticodon
While Linear describes the shape of eukaryotic chromosomes, this is the shape of a prokaryotic chromosome
Circular
The process that occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle that duplicated DNA
DNA Replication
A change to the nucleotide sequence of DNA
Mutation
Describes a segment of chromosome relocating elsewhere in the genome
Translocation
When cells undergo changes that help them to become specializied
Differentiation
During RNA Splicing, there’s are the regions of mRNA that are fused back together after Introns are removed
Exons
Describes the structure that forms as the template DNA strands separate during DNA replication
Replication Fork
Determining the order of nucleotides that make up DNA
Sequencing
Information in mRNA is used to produce a polypeptide. This process happens at the ribosomes and follows Transcription
Translation
Typically refers to the transfer of DNA from a virus to bacteria
Transduction
Proteins in the cell that can help to initiate transcription, often helping RNA Polymerase bind to the promoter
Transcription Factors
Enzyme responsible for unwinding DNA during DNA replication
Topoisomerase
A series of adenine nucleotides that is added to the 3’ end of mRNA during RNA processing
Poly A Tail
Failure of chromosomes to separate properly is called
Nondisjunction
An important enzyme in DNA replication (and in many lab procedures) that joins DNA fragments
Ligase
Process that involves bacteria taking in DNA from the environment
Transformation
A key enzyme that builds the RNA during the process described in Transcription
RNA Polymerase
When the synthesis of RNA occurs in Transcription or the synthesis of a polypeptide occurs during Translation
Elongation
The shape of a eukaryotic chromosome
Linear
This is where DNA Polymerase will begin the synthesis of new DNA during DNA replication. It is created by an enzyme called primase
DNA Primer
The _______ strands is the strand that is synthesized in what is described in continuous replication
Leading
This is synthesized in discontinuous replication
Lagging strand
When the structures of Operons experience genetic activity due the presence of a molecule, they are said to be
Inducible
Type of RNA that is used to take the information to build a polypeptide from the nucleus to the ribosome
tRNA
The events that start the processes of Transcription or Translation are often referred to as
Initiation
