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Phoebe's Class > Unit 3 AP Biology Review > Flashcards

Unit 3 AP Biology Review Flashcards

1
Q

Simplified Equation of Photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + Light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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2
Q

Proteins that act as organic catalysts

A

Enzymes

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3
Q

Speed up reactions by lowering the energy (activation energy) needed for the reaction to take place

A

Catalysts

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4
Q

Substances that enzymes act on

A

Substrates

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5
Q

Part of the enzyme that interacts with the substrate

A

Active site

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6
Q

Suggests that the enzyme and the substrate possess specific complementary geometric shapes that fit perfectly

A

Lock and key model

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7
Q

Describes the active site of an enzyme as specific for a particular substrate that fits its shape

A

Induced-fit model

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8
Q

When the enzyme and substrate bind together the enzyme is _______ to alter its shape for a _______ active-site substrate attachment

A

induced, tighter

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9
Q

This tight for places the substrate in a favorable position to react ________ up (____________) the rate of reaction

A

speeding, accelerating

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10
Q

If those values stray too far from “_______”, the effectiveness of the enzyme will suffer and the enzyme could ________

A

optimal, denature

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11
Q

The effectiveness of an enzyme can be affected by four things:

A
  1. Temperature
  2. pH level
  3. Concentration of the substrate involved
  4. Concentration of the enzyme involved
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12
Q

An inhibitor molecule resembling the substrate binds to the active site and physically blocks the substrate from attaching

A

Competitive Inhibition

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13
Q

An inhibitor molecule binds to a different part of the enzyme, causing a change in the shape of the active site so that it can no longer interact with the substrate

A

Noncompetitive Inhibitor

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14
Q

Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change form, and it must be obtained through its environment

A

First law of Thermodynamics

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15
Q

Life is in a constant movement toward entropy or a “gradual decline of order” in a system and requires a constant input of energy from its environment that can be used to overcome this decline of order

A

Second law of Thermodynamics

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16
Q

Without the ________ input of energy, the organism will ___

A

constant, die

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17
Q

Reactions in which energy is absorbed from the surroundings

A

Endergonic reactions

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18
Q

Reactions in which free energy is released

A

Exergonic reactions

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19
Q

In an __________ reaction, the products of the reaction contain ____ energy than the reactants, and the extra energy must be _______ for the reactions to proceed

A

endergonic, more, supplied

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20
Q

In an _________ reaction, the products contain ____ energy than the reactants, and the excess energy is ________

A

exergonic, less, released

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21
Q

Energy currency of life

A

ATP

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22
Q

Constructed from an adenosine diphosphate and an inorganic phosphate group (Pi) through phosphorylation

A

ATP

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23
Q

A chemical process in which a phosphate group is added using free energy

A

Phosphorylation

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24
Q

Occurs in the cytoplasm of cells

A

Glycolysis

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25
Q

Beginning pathway for both anaerobic and aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis

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26
Q

Starting Materials of Glycolysis

A

2 ATP
Glucose
6 Carbon

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27
Q

End Products of Glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate
2 ATP
2 NADH

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28
Q

Also known as the Citric Acid Cycle

A

Krebs Cycle

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29
Q

Occurs in the matrix of the mitocondria

A

Krebs Cycle

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30
Q

For each _______ dropped into glycolysis, the Krebs cycle occurs _____

A

glucose, twice

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31
Q

Starting Materials for the Krebs Cycle

A

2 oxaloacetate
2 acetyl Co-A

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32
Q

End Products for the Citric Acid Cycle

A

6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP
2 CO2
(If the cycle were to happen twice)

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33
Q

One molecule of glucose has produced

A

10 NADH
2 FADH2
4 ATP

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34
Q

Aerobic process in which NADH and FADH2 pass their electrons down the electron transport chain to produce ATP

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

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35
Q

The largest energy producing step

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

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36
Q

Location is the Mitochondrial Cristae

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

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37
Q

Starting Material

A

NADH
FADH2 (electrons)

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38
Q

End Products of Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

ATP

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39
Q

The two parts to Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis

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40
Q

Occurs in the Mitochondrial Inner Membrane

A

Electron Transport Chain

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41
Q

Starting Materials for Electron Transport Chain

A

NADH
FADH2

42
Q

End Products for Electron Transport Chain

A

H2O
32-34 ATP

43
Q
  1. Protons pumped into Inner Membrane space
  2. Generate proton gradient
A

Electron Transport Chain

44
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain?

A

Oxygen

45
Q

The coupling of the movement of electrons down the electron transport chain with the formation of ATP using the driving force provided by a proton gradient

A

Chemiosmosis

46
Q

A reaction that uses the product of one reaction as part of another reaction

A

Coupled reaction

47
Q
  1. ATP Synthase uses proton gradient
  2. Synthesizes ATP
A

Chemiosmosis

48
Q

As some of the molecules in the chain accept and then pass on electrons, they ____ ________ ions into the space between the _____ and ____ membranes of the ____________. This creates a ______ ________ that drives the production of ATP

A

pump hydrogen, inner, outer, mitochondria, proton gradient

49
Q

The __________ in hydrogen concentration on the two sides of the membrane causes the protons to flow back into the _____ of the ____________ through ATP ________ channels

A

difference, matrix, mitochondria, synthase

50
Q

An enzyme that uses the flow of hydrogens to drive the phosphorylation of an ADP molecule to produce ATP

A

ATP Synthase

51
Q

____________ is not oxidative phosphorylation but it is a major ____ of oxidative phosphorylation

A

Chemiosmosis, part

52
Q

Chemiosmosis is the same process is that occurs in the ____________ during the ATP-creating steps of Photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

53
Q
  1. Each NADH -> 3 ATP
  2. Each FADH2 -> 2 ATP
  3. 1/2 O2 is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain, and the chain will not function in the absence of oxygen
A

Important things to remember about Oxidative Phosphorylation

54
Q

Occurs when oxygen is unavailable or cannot be used by the organism

A

Anaerobic respiration/Fermentation

55
Q

The process that begins with glycolysis and ends when NAD+ is regenerated

A

Fermentation

56
Q

Occurs in fungi, yeast, and some bacteria

A

Alcohol Fermentation

57
Q

Occurs in human and animal muscle cells when oxygen is not available

A

Lactic Acid Fermentation

58
Q

The host organelle for photosynthesis is the ___________

A

Chloroplast

59
Q

Inner fluid portion, surrounded by two outer membranes

A

Stroma

60
Q

Flattened channels and disks arranged in stacks

A

Grana

61
Q

The stacks in a grana

A

Thylakoid

62
Q

An organism that is self-nourishing. It obtains carbon and energy without ingesting other organisms

A

Autotroph

63
Q

Cells that are tighty wrapped around the veins of a leaf

A

Bundle sheath cells

64
Q

Plant that has adapted its photsynthetic process to more efficiently handle hot and dry conditions

A

C4 plant

65
Q

Organisms that must consume other organisms to obtain nourishment

A

Heterotroph

66
Q

Interior tissue of a leaf

A

Mesophyll

67
Q

Cells that contain many chloroplasts and host the majority of photosynthesis

A

Mesophyll cells

68
Q

Process by which water is broken up by an enzyme into hydrogen ions and oxygen atoms

A

Photolysis

69
Q

Process by which ATP is produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

A

Photophosphorylation

70
Q

Process by which oxygen competes with carbon dioxide and attaches to RuBP

A

Photorespiration

71
Q

A cluster of light-trpping pigments involved in the process of photosynthesis

A

Photosystem

72
Q

A molecule that absorbs light of a particular wavelength. These include chlorophyll, carotenoids, and phycobilins

A

Pigment

73
Q

An enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin Cycle in C3 plants

A

Rubisco

74
Q

Structure through which CO2 enters a plant and water vapor & O2 leaves

A

Stomata

75
Q

Natural process by which plants lose H2O via evaporation through their leaves

A

Transpiration

76
Q

Two set of reactions in Photosynthesis

A

Light depend reactions
Light independent reactions

77
Q

Which occurs first?

A

Light dependent reactions

78
Q

Input for Light Dependent Reaction

A

Water and Light

79
Q

Products for Light Dependent Reaction

A

Oxygen
NADPH
ATP

80
Q

Input for Light Independent Reaction

A

CO2
NADPH
ATP

81
Q

Products for Light Independent Reaction

A

Sugar
NADP+
ADP
(The last two for the next light-dependent reactions)

82
Q

Light reactions occur in the _________ ________

A

Thylakoid membrane

83
Q

The oxygen produced in the light reactions comes from ___, not ___

A

H2O, CO2

84
Q

Main chlorophyll of Photosystem II absorbs light with a wavelength of ___ nm

A

680

85
Q

Main chlorophyll of Photosystem I absorbs light with a wavelength of ___ nm

A

700

86
Q

The P in NAPH will remind you of

A

Photosynthesis

87
Q

As the electrons are passing from the primary electron acceptor to the next photosystem, ________ ions are picked up from outside the membrane and brought back into the _________ ___________, creating an __ ________ similar to what we saw in oxidative phosphorylation

A

hydrogen, thylakoid compartment, H+ gradient

88
Q

The Calvin Cycle occurs in the ______ of the chloroplast

A

stroma

89
Q

The Calvin Cycle begins with a step called ______ ________

A

carbon fixation

90
Q

The binding of the carbon from CO2 to a molecule that is able to enter the Calvin Cycle

A

Carbon Fixation

91
Q

The Calvin Cycle uses more ___ than it does _____. This creates the need for cyclic ____________________ to create enough ATP for the reactions

A

ATP, NADPH, photophosphorylation

92
Q

The carbon of the sugar produced in photosynthesis comes from the ___ of the Calvin Cycle

A

CO2

93
Q

Consists of pores through which oxygen exits and caron dioxide enters the leaf to be used in photosynthesis

A

Stomata

94
Q

The natural process by which plants lose water by evaporation from their leaves

A

Transpiration

95
Q

Plants close their stomata during the day, collect CO2 at night, and store the CO2 in the form of acids until it is needed during the day for photosynthesis

A

CAM photosynthesis

96
Q

Plants that have adapted their photosynthetic process to more efficiently handle hot and dry conditions

A

C4 plants

97
Q

Which of the following molecules can give rise to the most ATP?

A. NADH
B. FADH2
C. Pyruvate
D. Glucose

A

D

This is because glucose can net 36 ATP

98
Q

Which of the following is a proper representation of the products of a single glucose molecule after it has completed the Krebs cycle?

A. 10 ATP, 4 NADH, 2 FADH2
B. 10 NADH, 4 FADH2, 2 ATP
C. 10 ATP, 4 FADH2, 2 NADH
D. 10 NADH, 4 ATP, 2 FADH2

A

D

This also includes glycolysis

99
Q

Which of the following is an advantage held by a C4 plant?

A. More efficient light absoprtion
B. More efficient photolysis
C. More efficient carbon fixation
D. More efficient uptake of carbon dioxide into the stomata

A

C

C4 plants are able to successfull perform photosynthesis in these hot areas because of the presence of an enzyme called PEP carboxylase. This enzyme wants to bind to CO2 and is not tricked by the devious oxygen into using it instead of the necessary CO2

100
Q

Can you continue photosynthesis without a proton gradient?

A

No, ATP synthase would not be able to work which means ATP would not be formed

Phoebe's Class (21 decks)

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