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Phoebe's Class > Actual Unit 3 AP Biology Review > Flashcards

Actual Unit 3 AP Biology Review Flashcards

1
Q

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but only change form

A

First law of thermodynamics

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2
Q

Energy tends to go to a less ordered form or higher state of entropy

A

Second law of thermodynamics

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3
Q

A measure of disorder or randomness

A

Entropy

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4
Q

Break down larger molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy

A

Catabolic

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5
Q

Build larger molecules from smaller ones, using energy

A

Anabolic

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6
Q

How does an enzyme affect a reaction?

A

An enzyme makes a reaction happen faster and needs less energy to do so

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7
Q

Label the parts of the diagram (The second card)

A

You got this!

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8
Q

How does changing the pH affect an enzyme?

A

It can slow down or stop enzyme activity if the pH is too high or low

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9
Q

How does decreasing the temperature affect an enzyme?

A

It slows down enzyme activity

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10
Q

How does increasing the temperature affect an enzyme?

A

It speeds up the enzyme activity (up to a point), but can denature the enzyme if too high

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11
Q

How does adding more substrate affect an enzyme?

A

It increases enzyme activity until the enzyme is fully used

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12
Q

How does adding more enzyme affect an enzyme?

A

It increases enzyme activity by speeding up the reaction

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13
Q

How does adding a competitive inhibitor affect an enzyme?

A

It slows down enzyme activity by blocking the active site

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14
Q

How does adding a noncompetitive inhibitor affect an enzyme?

A

It slows down enzyme activity by changing the enzyme’s shape

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15
Q

Competes with the substrate for the enzyme’s active site, blocking the reaction

A

Competitive Inhibitor

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16
Q

Binds to a different part of the enzyme, changing its shape and making it unable to work properly

A

Non-competitive inhibitor

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17
Q

A substance binding to an enzyme producing a structural change in the enzyme allowing it to function

A

Cofactor

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18
Q

How does an activator effect an allosterically regulated enzyme?

A

Increases the enzyme’s activity by changing its shape
It works better

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19
Q

How does an inhibitor effect an allosterically regulated enzyme?

A

It decreases the enzyme’s activity by changing its shape so it works less or stops working

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20
Q

A process where the end product of a reaction pathway stops or slows down the enzyme that started the process

A

Feedback inhibition

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21
Q

How does feedback inhibiton allow a cell to manage its resources?

A

Prevents the production of too much of a product
Saving energy
Saves raw materials

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22
Q

Summary equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + Light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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23
Q

Label the structures in the chloroplast (third one)

A

You’re doing great!

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24
Q

Shows the wavelengths of light that a pigment absorbs for photosynthesis

A

Absorption spectrum

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25
Q

Shows the overall effectiveness of different wavelengths of light in driving the process of photosynthesis

A

Action spectrum

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26
Q

Which pigments are most effective for photosynthesis? Least effective?

A

Most effective are chlorophyll a and b (blue and red)

Least effective is green light

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27
Q

Convert solar energy into chemcial energy in the form of NAPH and ATP

A

Light Reactions

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28
Q

Where does the light reactions take place?

A

Thylakoid membrane

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29
Q

What are the products for the Light Reactions?

A

Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH

30
Q

How does chemiosmosis generate ATP in the light reactions?

A

The energy from light creates a proton gradient, and as the protons flow through ATP synthase, ATP is produced

31
Q

Explain the role of NADP+ in photosynthesis.

A

NAD+ helps transfer energy from the light reactions to the Calvin Cycle, enabling the plant to produce glucose

32
Q

Chemiosmosis in cellular respiration

A
  1. Occurs in the mitochondria
  2. Protons flow from INNER MEMBRANE SPACE to the MATRIX, driving ATP production
33
Q

Chemiosmosis in photosynthesis

A
  1. Occurs in chloroplasts
  2. Protons flow from the THYLAKOID SPACE to the STROMA, driving ATP production
34
Q

What is the purpose of the Calvin Cycle?

A

It turns CO2 into glucose using energy from ATP and NADPH

35
Q

Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?

A

The stroma

36
Q

What are the main products of the Calvin Cycle?

A

G3P, ADP, and NADP

37
Q

What is the main enzyme involved in the Calvin Cycle?

A

RuBisCO

38
Q

How does the enzyme relate to Photosynthesis?

A

RuBisCO helps fix carbon dioxide but can also bind with oxygen (this causes photorespiration)

39
Q

What is G3P?

A

A three-carbon sugar produced in the Calvin Cycle

40
Q

How is G3P related to glucose?

A

It is the building block for glucose and other sugars

41
Q

How do the Light Reactions and Calvin Cycle differ?

A
  1. Light reactions need light to produce ATP and NADPH
  2. Calvin Cycle uses ATP and NADPh to make sugars and doesn’t need light
42
Q

How do respiration and photosynthesis differ?

A
  1. Respiration releases energy from glucose
  2. Photosynthesis sotres energy by making glucose from light
43
Q

Why is glycolysis believed to be an ancient metabollic process?

A
  1. It occurs in all living organisms
  2. It;s anaerobic so it could have existed before oxygen was abundant
  3. It happens in the cytoplasm, something found in all cells
44
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

45
Q

Explain each compound for the cellular respiration equation

A
  1. Glucose is broken down to release energy
  2. Oxygen helps break down glucose
  3. Carbon dioxide and water are waste products
  4. ATP is the energy made for the cell
46
Q

What are the steps of glycolysis?

A
  1. Glucose is split into two pyruvate
  2. ATP is used to start the process
  3. NADH is made
  4. ATP is produced (net gain)
47
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP (net gain)
2 pyruvate
2 NADH

48
Q

What is the purpose of glycolysis, and where does it occur?

A

Purpose: break down glucose to make energy

Location: Cytoplasm

49
Q

What are the steps of the Krebs cycle?

A
  1. Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citric acid
  2. Citric acid is broken down, releasing CO2 and making NADH and FADH2
  3. ATP is produced
  4. Oxaloacetate is regenerated to repeat the cycle
50
Q

What is the purpose of the Krebs cycle?

A

Breaks down acetyl-CoA to make energy and electron carriers for the next step in cellular respiration

51
Q

What products are prodcued in the Krebs Cycle, and how many ATP?

A

3 NADH
1 FADH
2 CO2
1 ATP

(This is if it occurs once, if you do it twice you would multiply the numbers by 2)

52
Q

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?

A

The mitochondrial matrix

53
Q

What are the steos if the Electron Transport Chain?

A
  1. NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the chain
  2. Electrons pass through protein complexes, releasing energy
  3. This energy pumps protons (H+) across the membrane
  4. Oxygen accepts the elctrons and combines with protons to form water
54
Q

What are the products of the Electron Transport Chain?

A

32-34 ATP
2 H2O
10 NAD+
2 FAD

55
Q

Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?

A

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

56
Q

What is Chemisomosis?

A

The movement of protons (H+) across a membrane, creating a proton gradient

57
Q

What does Chemisomosis produce?

A

ATP

58
Q

Where does Chemisomosis occur?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane (Cellular Respiration)

Thylakoid membrane (Photosynthesis)

59
Q

What is a proton motive force (PMF) and what is it’s purpose?

A

PMF is a proton graident created by protons (H+) being pumped across a membrane

It’s purpose is to store energy which is used to make ATP when protons flow back through ATP synthase

60
Q

How are protons (H+) produced, and where?

A

Protons are produced when electrons move through the Electron Transport Chain

This happens in the:
Mitochondria (Cellular Respiration)
Chloroplasts (Photosynthesis)

61
Q

What are the two types of fermentation?

A
  1. Lactic Acid Fermentation
  2. Alcoholic Fermentation
62
Q

What are the reactants and products of Lactic Acid Fermentation?

A

Reactants: Glucose
Products: Lactic Acid and 2 ATP
Occurs: In muscle cells (when oxygen is low)

63
Q

What are the reactants and products of Alcoholic Fermentation?

A

Reactants: Glucose
Products: Ethanol, CO2, and 2 ATP
Occurs: In yeast and some bacteria

64
Q

Does fermentation produce ATP? Why or why not?

A
  1. Yes, 2 ATP
  2. It occurs without oxygen and allows cells to generaye a small amount of energy
65
Q

Plant that has adapted its photsynthetic process to more efficiently handle hot and dry conditions

A

C4 plant

66
Q

Plants close their stomata during the day, collect CO2 at night, and store the CO2 in the form of acids until it is needed during the day for photosynthesis

A

CAM photosynthesis

67
Q

Which of the following molecules can give rise to the most ATP?

A. NADH
B. FADH2
C. Pyruvate
D. Glucose

A

D

This is because glucose can net 36 ATP

68
Q

Which of the following is a proper representation of the products of a single glucose molecule after it has completed the Krebs cycle?

A. 10 ATP, 4 NADH, 2 FADH2
B. 10 NADH, 4 FADH2, 2 ATP
C. 10 ATP, 4 FADH2, 2 NADH
D. 10 NADH, 4 ATP, 2 FADH2

A

D

This also includes glycolysis

69
Q

Which of the following is an advantage held by a C4 plant?

A. More efficient light absoprtion
B. More efficient photolysis
C. More efficient carbon fixation
D. More efficient uptake of carbon dioxide into the stomata

A

C

C4 plants are able to successfull perform photosynthesis in these hot areas because of the presence of an enzyme called PEP carboxylase. This enzyme wants to bind to CO2 and is not tricked by the devious oxygen into using it instead of the necessary CO2

70
Q

Suggests that the enzyme and the substrate possess specific complementary geometric shapes that fit perfectly

A

Lock and key model

71
Q

A group in which no response is expected

A

Negative control

72
Q

Describe the role of oxygen in cellular respiration

A

Acts as the final electron acceptor in the ETC
Makes water with H+ ions

Phoebe's Class (21 decks)

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