Unit 3 Pre Review Flashcards
AP Biology
Energy available to do work
Gibbs Free Energy
What is the formula for Gibbs Free Energy?
ΔG = ΔH -TΔS
ΔG means
Change in Gibbs Free Energy
ΔH means
Change in Enthaply or Heat
T means
Temperature (K)
ΔS
Change in Entropy (the chaos)
What is the Delta Gibbs formula?
ΔG = ΔGf - ΔGi
ΔGf means
Final Gibbs
ΔGi means
Inital Gibbs
Energy has to enter the system (has to be brought in)
Endergonic Reaction
- Start with low energy, then gaining energy
- Not spontaneous
- Absorbs energy
Endergonic Reaction
Products end with more energy than reactants
Endergonic Reaction
Energy has to leave the system (to be let out)
Exergonic Reaction
- Spontaneous
- Releases Energy
Exergonic Reaction
Biologival Catalyst
Speeds up chemical reactions
Reduces the activation energy
Function of Enzymes
_______ are proteins
Enzymes
Are not consumed by the reaction
Have no effect on the change in Gibbs Free Energy
Enzymes
_________ binds to the active site of an enzyme
Substrate
Compete for the bind of the active site
Competitive Inhibitors
Example of a Competitive Inhibitor
Morphine as it replaces Endorphines
Binds to an allosteric (not original) site causing the active site to change shape
Noncompetitive Inhibitors
When a protein loses it’s shape and stops working properly. This could be caused by a change in Temperature, PH activity, or Certain Chemicals
Denaturation
Location: Cytosol (Both Prokaryote and Eukaryote)
Starting Material: Glucose
Products: 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP
Breaking a 6 carbon structure to 2- 3 carbon structures
Glycolysis
(Breaking Sugar)
Location: Mitochondrial Matrix
Starting Material: Acetyl CoA
Products: 2 CO2
3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 ATP
(Go through the cycle 2 times to break down 1 glucose molecule)
Krebs cycle
Location: Mitochondrial Cristae
Starting Material:
NADH/FADH2 (Electrons)
Product: ATP
Two Parts: Electron Transport Chain & Chemiosmosis
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Protons pumped into Inner Membrane space (Acidic)
Generate proton gradient (against)
Final electron acceptor: OXYGEN
(First Step)
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
ATP Synthase uses proton graident
Synthesizes ATP
(Second Step)
Chemiosmosis
The process by which cells derive energy from glucose
Cellular Respiration
Light Reactions
Photosynthesis
Carbohydrates and other metabolites are oxidized and the resulting energy-transfer reactions support the synthesis, or making, of ATP
Cellular Respiration
Two steps:
Light Reactions
Calvin Cycle
Photosynthesis
Location: Thylakoid Membrane
Starting Material: Water (Electrons) and Photons (Light energy)
Products: ATP and NADPH
Oxygen is released
Light Reaction
Photosynthesis 1 and Photosynethesis 2
Synthesis ATP and NADPH
Linear Electron Flow
Photosynethesis 1 ONLY
Synthesis ATP ONLY
Cyclic Electron Flow
Protons are pumped into the thylakoid space
Electron Transport Chain in Light Reactions
Location: Stroma
Starting Material: 3 CO2, 9 ATP, and 6 NADPH
Products: G3P
Calvin Cycle
Stroma is the _______ of the Chloroplast
Cytosol
Loss of electrons
Oxidation
Gain of electrons
Reduction