Unit 6 Part 1 AP Biology Review Flashcards
Swiss biochemist in 1871 that isolated nucleic acid initially from white blood cell nuclei from pus
Friedrich Miescher
English microbiologist in 1928 that worked with Diplococceus preimonia bacteria. He found that bacteria exists in two different strains:
Type S (Smooth): Produces_______ and causes _______
Type R (Rough): No _______ and does not cause _______
Fredrick Griffiths
Capsule
Disease
Frederick Griffiths:
Type _ killed the mice
Type _ mice survived
Mixed heat killed by type _ and _ resulted in ____ mice
S
R
S
R
dead
What did Griffiths conclude?
Bacteria contained a transforming factor
American physicians in 1944 who concluded ___ is the transforming factor
Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty
DNA
American biogists in 1953 that studied bacteriophages. They found that bacteriophages transformed ___ and not _______ into the bacteria
Hershey and Chase
DNA
protein
What did Hershey and Chase conclude?
DNA is the genetic material
In 1951, analyzed the nitrogenous base composition of DNA from several species and found his law
Erwin Chargaff
Adenine + Guanine = Thymine + Cytosine
A=T and C=G
Chargaff’s Law
English scientists in 1952 that found two forms of DNA. “A” form is crystalline and “B” form is wet and cellular
Franklin and Wilkins
What technique did Franklin and Wilkins use?
X-Ray diffraction
What did Franklin’s work obtain and what did she found from her work?
e- Famous “photo 51” of the B-form of DNA
-Reasond that DNA is a helix
Built models and used earlier research and made inferences to determine the structure of DNA
Watson and Crick
DNA is composed of building blocks called ___________
Nucleotides
Each nucleotide is composed of a ___________ _____, a _________ group, and a ___________ base (one of the four types)
Deoxyribose sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogenous
What are the four nitrogenous groups?
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine
Adenine and Guanine are _______
Purines
Cytosine and Thymine are ___________
Pyrimidines
Nucleotides are joined in a DNA strand via a phosphodiester bond between the 5 prime phosphate of one and the 3 primer hydroxyl of another. This creates a continous
Sugar- phosphate backbone
Phosphodiester is the
Backbone of DNA
Two DNA polynucleotie chains align in an opposing orientation forming a
Double helix
This constant width of the DNA double helix is the specific pairing of purines and pyrimidines via
Hydrogen bonds
The DNA coils around proteins called ________, forming a bead on a string like structure that is organized
histones
Single, circular chromosomes
Prokaryotes
Multiple, linear chromosomes
Eukaryotes
Small extra chromosomal, double-stranded circular DNA molecules contained by Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Eukaryotes
Plasmids
DNA makes DNA
Replication
Stated one gene codes for one proteins. The protein it codes for determines the phenotype of an organism
Beadle and Tatum hypothesis
DNA can replicate in three possible ways:
Semi-Conservative
Conservative
Dispersive
In 1957, grew E. Coli on Media (cells grows on media) containing Nitrogen 5 and 15, old would have N-15 and new would hae N-14. They found that DNA replication is ________________
Meselson and Sohl
Semiconservative
DNA replication occurs during the _ phase of the cell cycle
S
A huan chromosome replicates ______________ at hundred points along its length
simultaneously
Site where DNA slits apart for replication
Replication Fork
DNA Replication Process:
1. DNA helicase facilitates the _________ of the DNA molecule. ______ _____ _______ ________ (SSBs) help keep the separated strands apart. Parent strandes serves as the ________ for the replication process
Unwinding
Single Sided Binding Proteins
Template
An enxyme that relaxed supercoiling in front of the replication fork
Topoisomere
DNA Replication Process:
2. _______ adds a short chunk of RNA called a ______ to allow DNA polymerase to begin synthesis of the new DNA strand
Primase
Primer
DNA Replication Process:
3. DNA __________ adds new nucleotides to the DNA strand in the 5 primer to 3 primer direction. It also __________ for replication errors by such as added, deleted, or mismatched _-_____.
Polymerase
Proofreads
N-Bases
Synthesis is _________ (5’-3’) on the leading strand, but the _______ strand is oriented in a _’ to _’ direction
Continous
Lagging
3
5
Short _______ fragments occur on the lagging strand
Okazaki
DNA Replication Process:
4. DNA ploymerase removes the RNA ______ and replaces those bases with the correct bases
Primer
DNA Replication Process:
5. ______ seals ny breaks in the sugar-phosphate backbone and the Okazaki fragments together
Ligase
Transformation- Uptake of naked DNA
Conjugation- Cell-to-cell transfer
Transduction- Viral transmission of genetic information
Transposition- Movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules
Some ways prokaryotes increase their genetic variation
Decoding DNA into mRNA
DNA Transcription
Where does DNA Transcription occur?
Nucleus
How does DNA Transcription occur?
Enzyme action (RNA Polymerase)
DNA Transcription:
RNA _________ binds to a region on DNA and begins to unzip a small section of DNA
Initiation
Polymerase
DNA Transcription:
As RNA polymerase moves along DNA, it matches free RNA nucleotides with DNA nucleotides that are on the ________ strand. Polyermerase does not stay attached
Elongation
Template
DNA Transcription:
Transcription stops once RNA polymerase reaches the end of the gene on DNA (everything comes off)
Termination
- GTP cap added to 5’ end
- Poly A tail added to 3’ end
- Splicing
RNA modification
Not used strand is called the ______ strand
Coding
Template, Noncoding, Minus, Nonsense
Names for the strand being used
Splicing differnt strand means there will be different genes
Alternative Splicing
Interfering (Cut out)
Introns
Expressed (Spliced together)
Exons
mRNA is matched by a tRNA molecule which lines up appropriate amino acids
DNA Translation
Where does Translation occur?
Cytoplasm of the cell
How does DNA Translation happen?
Ribosomes with the help fo tRNA
DNA Translation:
1. Modified mRNA exits the _______ and enters the cytoplasm
Nucleus
DNA Translation:
2. mRNA binds to the large and small subunits of a ________
Ribosome
What are the 3 binding sites of a ribosome?
E (exit)
P (Protein)
A (Acceptor)
DNA Translation:
3. An initial Rna moleucle bonds at the _-____ and the _________ on the tRNA matches up with an mRNA colon
(Usually starts with AUG codon)
P-site
Anticodon
DNA Translation:
4. A matching _RNA bnds to _RNA at the _-____ on the ribosome
t
m
A-Site
DNA Translation:
First four steps are
Initiation
DNA Translation:
5. The ribosome then slides along the ____ strand, causing the ____ at the _-____ to move to the E site and the ____ at the _-____ to move to the _-____
mRNA
tRNA
P-Site
tRNA
A-Site
P-Site
DNA Translation:
6. The ribosome links together _____ _____ carried by tRNA. ________ _____ join amino acids together
Amino acids
Peptide bonds
DNA Translation:
Steps five and six are
Elongation
DNA Translation:
7. When the ribosome reaches a STOP Codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA), the proess stops and a very specific protein is produced
Termination
Polypeptide chain
Translation and Transcription are simultaneous in prokaryotes but not in Eukaroytes as it is compartelized
True
Retroviruses hae RNA instead of DNA so when they infect the host cell, it injects ___ and an enzyme called _______ _____________ takes RNA and makes it into DNA to have the host spread the viruses’s RNA
RNA
Reverse transcriptase
