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Phoebe's Class > Actual Unit 4 AP Biology Review > Flashcards

Actual Unit 4 AP Biology Review Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the parts of the chromosome

A

Look at notecard

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2
Q

Identify the parts of the cell cycle

A

Look at notecard

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3
Q

Phase where the cell grows and carries out normal functions

A

G1 (First Gap) phase

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4
Q

Phase where DNA replication and chromosome duplication occurs

A

S (Synthesis) phase

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5
Q

Phase where the final growth happens and prepares for mitosis

A

G2 (Second Gap) phase

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6
Q

A type of cell division in which one cell divides to produce two new cells that are genetically identical to itself

A

Mitosis

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7
Q

The process during cell division where the cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells

A

Cytokinesis

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8
Q

If there are 23 chromosomes in a plant cell in G1, what is the diploid number?

A

46

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9
Q

If there are 23 chromosomes in a plant cell in G1, how many chromatids

A

92

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10
Q

If there are 23 chromosomes in a plant cell in G1, what is the haploid number?

A

23

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11
Q

If there are 23 chromosomes in a plant cell in G1, what is the number of centromeres?

A

46

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12
Q

What is another word for centromeres?

A

Kinetochores

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13
Q

Chromatids are doubled in _ _____ and are __ until the cell is split

A

S phase and 92

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14
Q

The stage where chromatin condenses and the mitotic spindles begin to form

A

Prophase

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15
Q

The stage where the nuclear envelope fragments and microtubules enter the nuclear area (some attach to kinetochores)

A

Prometaphase

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16
Q

The stage where centrosomes are at opposite poles and chromosomes line up at the ________ plate

A

Metaphase

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17
Q

The stage where sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell as well as the cell elongating

A

Anaphase

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18
Q

The stage where two daughter nuclei form and nucleoli reappear

A

Telophase

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19
Q

Cleavage furrow appears and Cell plates are formed

A

Cytokinesis

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20
Q

Vesicles fuse together along the middle of the cell to complete the separating process in the Golgi Apparatus

A

Cell Plate
(Plant)

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21
Q

A groove formed between two daughter cells that pinches together to complete the separation of the two cells after mitosis

A

Cleavage furrow
(Animal)

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22
Q

Advantage of cell plate

A

Forms the cell wall for plant cells

23
Q

Advantage of cleavage furrow

A

Pinches cytoplasm into two lobes that are then separated into two cells

24
Q

Stop and go chemical signals at critical points. These indicate if key cellular processes have been completed correctly

A

Checkpoints

25
Q

Checkpoint that checks for cell size, growth factors, and DNA damage

A

G1/S checkpoint

26
Q

Where is G1/S checkpoint located?

A

Near the end of G1

27
Q

Checks for completion of DNA replication and DNA damage

A

G2/M Checkpoint

28
Q

Proteins that bind with cyclin dependent kinases to modify target proteins

A

Cyclins

29
Q

Only active when attached to cyclins

A

Cyclins dependent kinases

30
Q

This complex acts as a signal for the G2 cells to enter mitosis

A

Mitosis Promoting Factor

31
Q

What happens when a cell enters G0?

A

The cell does not divide or prepare to divide. It performs maintenance and other functions

32
Q

What is the purpose of G0?

A

To repair a cell that is not functioning correctly or has the correct material

33
Q

An example of a cell found in G0

A

Neurons

34
Q

How is cancer formed?

A

DNA mutations (60)

35
Q

Cancer cells:
Do not ______ ___________
______ _______ when in culture
Evade
Continues ________ even with ___

A
  • follow checkpoints
  • Divide infinitely
  • apoptosis
  • dividing, errors
36
Q

Cancer cells would have to lose ______ and _________ dependence

A

density and anchorage

37
Q

Cancer cells would have to turn off _____ __________ genes and turn on _____________.

A

Tumor suppressor and proto oncogenes

38
Q

Cancer cells can be identified through the ____ of the _______ as a cancer’s cell _______ is much larger than a normal cell’s

A

size and nucleus

39
Q

Used in experiments to ensure that there is no effect when there shouldn’t be

A

Negative control

40
Q

Used in experiments to confirm that the system is functioning correctly and can produce a detectable result

A

Positive control

41
Q

Phosphorylation by the enzyme

A

Protein Kinase

42
Q

Dephosphorylation by the enzyme

A

Protein phosphatase

43
Q

Relays signals inside the cell

A

Protein Kinase

44
Q

Shuts off pathways

A

Protein phosphatase

45
Q

Direct contact/Signal communication

A

Juxtacrine

46
Q

Three different ways Juxtacrine can occur

A
  • Plasmodesmata (Plants)
  • Gap Junctions (Animal)
  • Surface Receptors
47
Q

Short distance communication

A

Paracrine

48
Q

Long distance communication

A

Endocrine

49
Q

Self signaling communication

A

Autocrine

50
Q

Three steps to cell communication

A

Reception, Transduction, and Response

51
Q

Ligands bind to a receptor

A

Reception

52
Q

Signal is converted

A

Transduction

53
Q

Cell is altered

A

Response

Phoebe's Class (21 decks)

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