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Phoebe's Class > AP Biology Unit 4 Review > Flashcards

AP Biology Unit 4 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Steps to Cellular Communication
(Video)

A
  1. Reception
  2. Transduction
  3. Response
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2
Q

Ligand (signaling molecules) binds to receptor
(Video)

A

Reception

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3
Q

Causes confirmational shape change
(Video)

A

Reception

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4
Q

G protein coupled receptor, Ligand gated ion channel, Tyrosine Receptor Kinase, and Kinases
(Video)

A

Reception

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5
Q

Ligand can be a _______ and _______ hormone
(Video)

A

Steroid and Protein

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6
Q

Release of Steroid Hormone: ______ Diffusion
(Video)

A

Simple

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7
Q

Receptor of Steroid Hormone: _____________
(Video)

A

Intracellular

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8
Q

Protein Hormone release: __________
(Video)

A

Exocytosis

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9
Q

Protein Hormone Receptor: _____________
(Video)

A

Extracellular

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10
Q

Signaling cascades relay signals from receptors to cell targets, often amplifying the incoming signals
(Video)

A

Transduction

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11
Q

A series of enzyme-catalyzed phosphorylation reactions commonly used in signal transduction pathways to amplify a message
(Video)

A

Phosphorylation Cascade

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12
Q

Protein Kinase and phosphorylate relay molecules
(Video)

A

Phosphorylation Cascade

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13
Q

Causes phosphorylation and activates molecules
(Video)

A

Protein Kinase

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14
Q

Causes dephosphorylation and deactivates molecules
(Video)

A

Protein Phosphate

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15
Q

Small, non-protein molecules and ions help relay the message and amplify the response
(Video)

A

Second Messengers

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16
Q

Types of Secondary Messengers
(Video)

A

Ca2-, cAMP, and GMP

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17
Q

The final molecule in the signaling pathway converts the signal to a response that will alter a cellular process
(Video)

A

Response

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18
Q

Cell growth, secretion of molecules, modify gene expression, alter cell function/ phenotype, and apoptosis
(Video)

A

Response

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19
Q

Turning on or off a gene
(Video)

A

Gene expression

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20
Q

Receptors can be ________ or ________
(Video)

A

Enzymes or Proteins

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20
Q

ATP has _____ phosphates whereas cAMP has ___ phosphate
(Video)

A

Three, One

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21
Q

Self signaling communication
(Video)

A

Autocrine

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22
Q

Direct Contact/Signal communication
(Video)

A

Juxtacrine

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23
Q

Short distance communication
(Video)

A

Paracrine

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24
Q

Long distance communication
(Video)

A

Endocrine

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25
Q

What makes up interphase?
(Video)

A

G1, S, and G2 phases

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26
Q

Mitosis and Cytokinesis
(Video)

A

M phase

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27
Q

The cell grows through all different phases of __________
(Video)

A

interphase

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28
Q

Duplication of organelles
(Video)

A

G1 phase

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29
Q

Synthesis of proteins, RNA, and building blocks
(Video)

A

G1 phase

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30
Q

Replication of genetic material and centrosomes
(Video)

A

S phase

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31
Q

Synthesis of proteins and RNA
(Video)

A

G2 phase

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32
Q

Makes organelles
(Video)

A

G2 phase

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33
Q

Reorganizes cellular contents
(Video)

A

G2 phase

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34
Q

Exiting the cell cycle and the cell is just being present (ex. neurons)
(Video)

A

G0 phase

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35
Q

Cells are preparing to divide
(Video)

A

Prophase

36
Q

Micro tubules enter nuclear area and some attached to kinetochores
(Video)

A

Prometaphase

37
Q

Sister chromatids line up in the middle
(Video)

A

Metaphase

38
Q

Sister chromatids pulled apart to opposite poles
(Video)

A

Anaphase

39
Q

Two new nuclei are formed
(Video)

A

Telophase

40
Q

Division of the cytoplasm
(Video)

A

Cytokineses

41
Q

Determines whether to complete the cell cycle
(Video)

A

G1 checkpoint

42
Q

Growth factor, Adequate reserve, and checks for DNA damage
(Video)

A

G1 checkpoint

43
Q

If does not pass G1 checkpoint, it enters __ state
(Video)

A

G0 checkpoint

44
Q

End of interphase
(Video)

A

G2 checkpoint

45
Q

Check all DNA replicated and not damaged
(Video)

A

G2 checkpoint

46
Q

Check sister chromatids attached to spindle microtubules
(Video)

A

M checkpoint

47
Q

Cell signaling involves a ______, a _________ ________, and a ________ _______
(Book)

A

ligand, signaling molecules, and receptor protein

48
Q

The ________ can be located on the cell membrane for ___________ ligands
(Book)

A

receptor, hydrophilic

49
Q

The ________ can be located ______ the cell for ___________ ligands
(Book)

A

receptor, inside, hydrophobic

50
Q

Direct physical contact between cells
(Book)

A

Juxtacrine

51
Q

___ _________ occur in animals
(Book)

A

Gap Junctions

52
Q

_____________ occur in plants
(Book)

A

Plasmodesmata

53
Q

Cells close to one another but not in direct contact
(Book)

A

Paracrine signaling

54
Q

_________ signals can diffuse only over relatively short distances

A

Paracrine

55
Q

Cells far apart communication when hormones are released into the bloodstream and travel long distances to target cells in the body
(Book)

A

Endocrine signaling

56
Q

Large molecules that must bind to receptors on the cell membrane

A

Protein hormones

57
Q

Lipid-soluble molecules that are able to pass through the cell membrane and attach to an intracellular receptor

A

Steroid hormones

58
Q

Nerve cells release neurotransmitters across a synapse to communicate with target cells
(Book)

A

Synaptic signaling

59
Q

A cell sends a signal to itself by secreting something that in turn binds to specific receptors on its own membrane
(Book)

A

Autocrine signaling

60
Q

Series of molecular events where a signal is converted into a cellular response
(Book)

A

Signal Transduction Pathway

61
Q

Phosphorylation of proteins
(Book)

A

Kinases

62
Q

Dephosphorylation of proteins
(Book)

A

Phosphatases

63
Q

Small non protein molecules that pass messages along
(Book)

A

Secondary Messengers

64
Q

2 types of Secondary messengers
(Book)

A

Calcium (Ca2+) and Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

65
Q

Mechanism by which prokaryotic cells divide. The cell elongates and pinches into two new daughter cells
(Book)

A

Binary Fission

66
Q

Phases __ and __ are growth stages
(Book)

A

G1 and G2

67
Q

Phase where DNA is duplicated
(Book)

A

S phase

68
Q

Cell division phase
(Book)

A

M phase

69
Q

G1,S, and G2 make up this phase
___ of its cycle is in this phase
(Book)

A

Interphase, 90%

70
Q

Raw material that gives rise to the chromosomes

A

Chromatin

71
Q

Nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibers attach to kinetochores on the chromosomes
(Notes)

A

Prometaphase

72
Q

Plant cell structure
Constructed in the Golgi apparatus
Composed of vesicles that fuse together along the middle of the cell
completing the separation process
(Book)

A

Cell plate

73
Q

Groove formed in animal cells between two daughter cells that pinches together to complete the separation of the two cells after mitosis
(Book)

A

Cleavage furrow

74
Q

Apparatus constructed from microtubules that assist the cell in the physical separation of the chromosomes during mitosis
(Book)

A

Mitotic spindle

75
Q

Cell verifies that there are enough nutrients and raw materials to progress to the next stage of the cycle
(Book)

A

Chekpoints

76
Q

Certain density of cells is reached, growth of the cells will slow or stop
(Book)

A

Density-dependent inhibition

77
Q

Cells will not divide if certain factors are absent
(Book)

A

Growth factors

78
Q

A protein that accumulates during G1, S, and G2 of the cell cycle
(Book)

A

Cyclin

79
Q

A protein that controls other proteins through the addition of phosphate groups
(Book)

A

Protein kinase

80
Q

A hormone acts to directly or indirectly inhibit further secretion of the hormone of interest
(Book)

A

Negative feedback

81
Q

A hormone acts to directly or indirectly cause increased secretion of the hormone
(Book)

A

Positive feedback

82
Q

One copy of each chromosome

A

Haploid

83
Q

Two copies of each chromosome

A

Diploid

84
Q

Gametophyte is _______

A

Haploid

85
Q

At the end of Mitosis, there are __ chromosomes and __ chromatids

A

46

86
Q

Number of chromosomes double in ________ and _________

A

Anaphase and Telophase

87
Q

Failure of normal separation or moving apart chromosomes toward opposite poles of the cell
(Notes)

A

Nondisjunction

88
Q

_______ and _____ are control mechanisms (Notes)

A

Cyclins and CDK’s

Phoebe's Class (21 decks)

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