Unit 3 - LAB2 - Physiological Addiction (SMOKING) Flashcards
What are the two biological explanations of smoking addiction?
Brain neurochemical
Genetics
What is the main addictive chemical in cigarettes?
Nicotine
What gets released from the adrenal glands?
Adrenaline
Nicotine stimulates the brain to release ….
Adrenaline
Where is adrenaline released from?
Adrenal Glands
Adrenaline leads to what biological changes?
Increased pulse rate and blood pressure
Martika smokes a cigarette. What changes will occur in her brain
Dopamine is released
Leading to pleasure
making her want to smoke again
Which neurotransmitter is released due to nicotine?
Dopamine
Dopamine leads to which changes?
Reduce stress and increase feelings of pleasure
What side effects of nicotine are there?
Headaches and dizziness
What is the gene linked to addiction?
DRD2
Initiation: People begin to smoke because ..
It boosts mood and reduces irritability by stimulating dopamine.
Lucas is a heavy smoker. Lucas is hard to work with in the hour before lunch because he gets angry easily and seems quite sad. How will smoking help Lucas?
Boost his mood
Make him less irritable
Stimulating dopamine can boost … and reduce …
Boost mood
Reduce Irritability
Dopamine activate the brain’s
reward pathway
Smoking has both a …
stimulating and calming effect.
Genetics argues a person has a … to addiction.
Predisposition
What is it called when more of a drug is needed to obtain the same effect?
Tolerance
What is tolerance?
Where more of a drug is needed to obtain the same effect.
Kylie started smoking 5 cigarettes a day. One year on she is smoking 20 cigarettes a day. Why is this?
Tolerance - Kylie needs to smoke more to feel the same benefit
If a person does not smoke it can lead to …
Withdrawal symptoms
What is nicotine regulation?
Attempting to maintain the buzz of smoking and reduce the withdrawal symptoms.
What is being described here? Mike has has a cigarette 2 hours ago. He is starting to get irritable with his work colleagues.
Withdrawal symptoms
Lucy’s parents are both heavy smokers. She is likely to have inherited a gene for addiction. What is the gene likely to be?
DRD2
What are the physical symptoms of smoking withdrawal?
Shaking
Headache
Vomiting
Sweating
What are the psychological symptoms of withdrawal?
Craving
Anxiety
Depression
Difficulty concentrating
Jason is in a state of smoking withdrawal. Name three symptoms of this.
Physical: Shaking, headaches, vomiting and sweating
Psychological: Craving, Anxiety, depression and concentrating difficulty.
Midge hasn’t smoked for 2 hours. He can’t focus on his work and is feeling very stressed. What is he experiencing?
Psychological symptoms of withdrawal
What is a strength of the brain neurochemical explanation?
Scientific and objective
What is the strength of the genetic explanation?
Objective and testable
Both of the biological explanations are limited because they are …
Reductionist
The biological explanations are reductionist because they ignore …
social and behavioural factors.
Learning approach of smoking is a product of which three things?
Social Learning Theory
Operant conditioning
Classical Conditioning
How does Social Learning Theory explain smoking initiation?
Observe role models e.g. parents and imitate the behaviour to be more like them
How does Classical conditioning explain smoking initiation?
Learn to associate smoking with pleasurable feelings e.g. being with friends
How does Operant conditioning explain smoking initiation?
Individuals are rewarded for smoking e.g. stress relief
How does operant conditioning explain addiction maintenance? Two ways are needed
Maintain the reward of smoking
Alongside the avoidance of withdrawal symptoms
How does classical conditioning explain smoking addiction maintenance?
Continued association between smoking and positive experiences
How does classical conditioning explain smoking relapse?
Continuing to engage in behaviours associated with smoking e.g. going to the pub with other smokers
What are conditioned cues?
Behaviour which were previously associated with smoking e.g. going to the pub with other smokers.
How does operant conditioning explain smoking relapse?
The reward of smoking when they take it up again
Alongside the avoidance of withdrawal symptoms due to quitting smoking.
What is self efficacy?
A person’s belief in their own ability to achieve a goal.
If a person has low self efficacy are they more or less likely to quit smoking?
Less likely
Why might a person with low self efficacy be less likely to quit smoking?
High self doubt
What is a cognitive factor in the behaviourist approach?
Self efficacy
In terms of self efficacy, how can help a person to stop smoking?
Find ways to enhance it
Understanding the level people know how likely they are to succeed.
Name a practical application of the learning approach?
Aversion Therapies
How do aversion therapies work?
Person learns negative associations to smoking rather than positive.
How can enhanced knowledge be a strength of the learning approach?
Understand secondary associations which can influence smoking addiction e.g. coffee drinking can trigger nicotine cravings.
Why is the behaviourist approach reductionist?
Ignores the biological factors in addiction e.g. genes
Why is it an issue if the rewards of behavioural approach are short term?
It doesn’t explain long term behaviour of smoking
