Unit 3 - LAB2 - Physiological Addiction (SMOKING)

Question 1

What are the two biological explanations of smoking addiction?

Answer 1

Brain neurochemical

Genetics

Question 2

What is the main addictive chemical in cigarettes?

Answer 2

Nicotine

Question 3

What gets released from the adrenal glands?

Answer 3

Adrenaline

Question 4

Nicotine stimulates the brain to release ….

Answer 4

Adrenaline

Question 5

Where is adrenaline released from?

Answer 5

Adrenal Glands

Question 6

Adrenaline leads to what biological changes?

Answer 6

Increased pulse rate and blood pressure

Question 7

Martika smokes a cigarette. What changes will occur in her brain

Answer 7

Dopamine is released
Leading to pleasure
making her want to smoke again

Question 8

Which neurotransmitter is released due to nicotine?

Answer 8

Dopamine

Question 9

Dopamine leads to which changes?

Answer 9

Reduce stress and increase feelings of pleasure

Question 10

What side effects of nicotine are there?

Answer 10

Headaches and dizziness

Question 11

What is the gene linked to addiction?

Answer 11

DRD2

Question 12

Initiation: People begin to smoke because ..

Answer 12

It boosts mood and reduces irritability by stimulating dopamine.

Question 13

Lucas is a heavy smoker. Lucas is hard to work with in the hour before lunch because he gets angry easily and seems quite sad. How will smoking help Lucas?

Answer 13

Boost his mood
Make him less irritable

Question 14

Stimulating dopamine can boost … and reduce …

Answer 14

Boost mood
Reduce Irritability

Question 15

Dopamine activate the brain’s

Answer 15

reward pathway

Question 16

Smoking has both a …

Answer 16

stimulating and calming effect.

Question 17

Genetics argues a person has a … to addiction.

Answer 17

Predisposition

Question 18

What is it called when more of a drug is needed to obtain the same effect?

Answer 18

Tolerance

Question 19

What is tolerance?

Answer 19

Where more of a drug is needed to obtain the same effect.

Question 20

Kylie started smoking 5 cigarettes a day. One year on she is smoking 20 cigarettes a day. Why is this?

Answer 20

Tolerance - Kylie needs to smoke more to feel the same benefit

Question 21

If a person does not smoke it can lead to …

Answer 21

Withdrawal symptoms

Question 22

What is nicotine regulation?

Answer 22

Attempting to maintain the buzz of smoking and reduce the withdrawal symptoms.

Question 23

What is being described here? Mike has has a cigarette 2 hours ago. He is starting to get irritable with his work colleagues.

Answer 23

Withdrawal symptoms

Question 24

Lucy’s parents are both heavy smokers. She is likely to have inherited a gene for addiction. What is the gene likely to be?

Answer 24

DRD2

Question 25

What are the physical symptoms of smoking withdrawal?

Answer 25

Shaking Headache Vomiting Sweating

Question 26

What are the psychological symptoms of withdrawal?

Answer 26

Craving Anxiety Depression Difficulty concentrating

Question 27

Jason is in a state of smoking withdrawal. Name three symptoms of this.

Answer 27

Physical: Shaking, headaches, vomiting and sweating Psychological: Craving, Anxiety, depression and concentrating difficulty.

Question 28

Midge hasn't smoked for 2 hours. He can't focus on his work and is feeling very stressed. What is he experiencing?

Answer 28

Psychological symptoms of withdrawal

Question 29

What is a strength of the brain neurochemical explanation?

Answer 29

Scientific and objective

Question 30

What is the strength of the genetic explanation?

Answer 30

Objective and testable

Question 31

Both of the biological explanations are limited because they are ...

Answer 31

Reductionist

Question 32

The biological explanations are reductionist because they ignore ...

Answer 32

social and behavioural factors.

Question 33

Learning approach of smoking is a product of which three things?

Answer 33

Social Learning Theory Operant conditioning Classical Conditioning

Question 34

How does Social Learning Theory explain smoking initiation?

Answer 34

Observe role models e.g. parents and imitate the behaviour to be more like them

Question 35

How does Classical conditioning explain smoking initiation?

Answer 35

Learn to associate smoking with pleasurable feelings e.g. being with friends

Question 36

How does Operant conditioning explain smoking initiation?

Answer 36

Individuals are rewarded for smoking e.g. stress relief

Question 37

How does operant conditioning explain addiction maintenance? Two ways are needed

Answer 37

Maintain the reward of smoking Alongside the avoidance of withdrawal symptoms

Question 38

How does classical conditioning explain smoking addiction maintenance?

Answer 38

Continued association between smoking and positive experiences

Question 39

How does classical conditioning explain smoking relapse?

Answer 39

Continuing to engage in behaviours associated with smoking e.g. going to the pub with other smokers

Question 40

What are conditioned cues?

Answer 40

Behaviour which were previously associated with smoking e.g. going to the pub with other smokers.

Question 41

How does operant conditioning explain smoking relapse?

Answer 41

The reward of smoking when they take it up again Alongside the avoidance of withdrawal symptoms due to quitting smoking.

Question 42

What is self efficacy?

Answer 42

A person's belief in their own ability to achieve a goal.

Question 43

If a person has low self efficacy are they more or less likely to quit smoking?

Answer 43

Less likely

Question 44

Why might a person with low self efficacy be less likely to quit smoking?

Answer 44

High self doubt

Question 45

What is a cognitive factor in the behaviourist approach?

Answer 45

Self efficacy

Question 46

In terms of self efficacy, how can help a person to stop smoking?

Answer 46

Find ways to enhance it Understanding the level people know how likely they are to succeed.

Question 47

Name a practical application of the learning approach?

Answer 47

Aversion Therapies

Question 48

How do aversion therapies work?

Answer 48

Person learns negative associations to smoking rather than positive.

Question 49

How can enhanced knowledge be a strength of the learning approach?

Answer 49

Understand secondary associations which can influence smoking addiction e.g. coffee drinking can trigger nicotine cravings.

Question 50

Why is the behaviourist approach reductionist?

Answer 50

Ignores the biological factors in addiction e.g. genes

Question 51

Why is it an issue if the rewards of behavioural approach are short term?

Answer 51

It doesn't explain long term behaviour of smoking