Unit 3 - LAA2 - Approaches to Health (Bio, SLT, Behaviourism, Cognitive) Flashcards

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1
Q

What two things does the biological approach suggest causes ill health?

A

Genes and neurotransmitters

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2
Q

What are genes?

A

Biological information inherited from parents

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3
Q

What is meant by a genetic predisposition?

A

Having a risk to a behaviour due to an inherited gene

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4
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemicals in the brain that send communications from one neuron to another

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5
Q

Chemicals in the brain that send communications from one neuron to another are known as…

A

Neurotransmitters

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6
Q

What 3 neurotransmitters are commonly found to be associated with mental disorders?

A

Serotonin
Dopamine
Noradrenaline

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7
Q

What is the role of serotonin?

A

Maintaining mood balance

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8
Q

What is the role of dopamine?

A
  • Control brains reward and pleasure centres
  • Regulate movements and emotional responses
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9
Q

When is noradrenaline produced?

A

In response to stress

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10
Q

Which neurotransmitter maintains mood balance?

A

Serotonin

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11
Q

Which neurotransmitter controls the brains reward pathways?

A

Dopamine

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12
Q

Which neurotransmitter is produced in response to stress?

A

Noradrenaline

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13
Q

What are two symptoms of depression?

A

Lowered mood
Disrupted activity levels

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14
Q

How do low levels of serotonin cause depression?

A

Leads to failure to regulate dopamine and noradrenaline

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15
Q

What does more recent evidence suggest about the cause of low levels of serotonin?

A

The presynaptic neuron reuptakes the neurotransmitter before it has time to reach the post synaptic neuron

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16
Q

How does an SSRI work?

A

Blocking the holes in the presynaptic neuron to prevent reuptake

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17
Q

What are the two types of learning suggested by the Behaviourist Approach?

A

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning

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18
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning through association

19
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning through consequences

20
Q

How can classical conditioning explain addiction?

A

Exposure to an environmental stimulus can become associated with substance use so the environment can stimulate/trigger cravings

21
Q

During classical conditioning, what two things are associated?

A

Unconditioned stimulus + neutral stimulus

22
Q

What is cue reactivity?

A

Stimuli in your environment which may act as a cue and trigger cravings / the addictive behaviour

23
Q

Which behaviourist principle is used in token economies?

A

Operant conditioning

24
Q

Who are token economies usually used for?

A

Patients who have spent a long time in hospital?

25
Q

How are token economies used for patients who have spent a long time in hospital?

A

By rewarding them in the form of tokens when they perform a desirable behaviour

26
Q

What are two strengths of the biological approach to health?

A
  • Highly scientific as use objective techniques such as brain scans
  • Led to successful treatments such as NRT (nicotine patches)
27
Q

What is a weakness of the biological approach to health?

A
  • Does not take into account social learning theory, so therefore reductionist
28
Q

Social Learning Theory suggest that people become addicted due to…

A

Modelling and indirect learning

29
Q

Social learning theory would suggest that people become addicted due to…

A

Modelling and indirect learning

30
Q

The process of modelling and indirect learning are concepts from which approach?

A

Social learning theory

31
Q

When will an individual have motivation to copy a behaviour according to SLT?

A

When they see others be rewarded for a behaviour

32
Q

Why will an individual imitate a behaviour?

A

To receive the same reward

33
Q

What will increase the likelihood of a behaviour being imitated after they see a model be rewarded?

A

If the model is similar to them

34
Q

If the model is similar to the individual, this will lead to…

A

Identification

35
Q

AO3: What has research shown about children who have parents who smoke?

A

They are more likely to smoke

36
Q

AO3: What practical applications are there from SLT?

A

Ensuring unhealthy behaviours are not shown on TV

37
Q

AO3: Why is SLT considered reductionst?

A

It does not take into account biological factors

38
Q

The cognitive approach argues that mental illness such as depression are caused by…

A

Negative and maladaptive thoughts/beliefs

39
Q

The aim of cognitive therapies for depression is to…

A

Change an individuals negative thoughts

40
Q

What is meant cognitive dissonance?

A

A feeling of mental discomfort due to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviours

41
Q

How can an individual reduce cognitive dissonance?

A

Change their behaviour to fit their attitudes, or change their attitudes to fit their behaviour

42
Q

AO3: What has research into the cognitive approach shown about gamblers?

A

That they have irrational beliefs

43
Q

AO3: What is a practical application of the cognitive approach?

A

Cognitive behavioural therapy

44
Q

AO3: Why might the cognitive approach be considered reductionist?

A

It does not take into account biological factors