Unit 3 - LAA2 - Approaches to Health (Bio, SLT, Behaviourism, Cognitive)

Question 1

What two things does the biological approach suggest causes ill health?

Answer 1

Genes and neurotransmitters

Question 2

What are genes?

Answer 2

Biological information inherited from parents

Question 3

What is meant by a genetic predisposition?

Answer 3

Having a risk to a behaviour due to an inherited gene

Question 4

What are neurotransmitters?

Answer 4

Chemicals in the brain that send communications from one neuron to another

Question 5

Chemicals in the brain that send communications from one neuron to another are known as…

Answer 5

Neurotransmitters

Question 6

What 3 neurotransmitters are commonly found to be associated with mental disorders?

Answer 6

Serotonin
Dopamine
Noradrenaline

Question 7

What is the role of serotonin?

Answer 7

Maintaining mood balance

Question 8

What is the role of dopamine?

Answer 8

• Control brains reward and pleasure centres
• Regulate movements and emotional responses

Question 9

When is noradrenaline produced?

Answer 9

In response to stress

Question 10

Which neurotransmitter maintains mood balance?

Answer 10

Serotonin

Question 11

Which neurotransmitter controls the brains reward pathways?

Answer 11

Dopamine

Question 12

Which neurotransmitter is produced in response to stress?

Answer 12

Noradrenaline

Question 13

What are two symptoms of depression?

Answer 13

Lowered mood
Disrupted activity levels

Question 14

How do low levels of serotonin cause depression?

Answer 14

Leads to failure to regulate dopamine and noradrenaline

Question 15

What does more recent evidence suggest about the cause of low levels of serotonin?

Answer 15

The presynaptic neuron reuptakes the neurotransmitter before it has time to reach the post synaptic neuron

Question 16

How does an SSRI work?

Answer 16

Blocking the holes in the presynaptic neuron to prevent reuptake

Question 17

What are the two types of learning suggested by the Behaviourist Approach?

Answer 17

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning

Question 18

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 18

Learning through association

Question 19

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 19

Learning through consequences

Question 20

How can classical conditioning explain addiction?

Answer 20

Exposure to an environmental stimulus can become associated with substance use so the environment can stimulate/trigger cravings

Question 21

During classical conditioning, what two things are associated?

Answer 21

Unconditioned stimulus + neutral stimulus

Question 22

What is cue reactivity?

Answer 22

Stimuli in your environment which may act as a cue and trigger cravings / the addictive behaviour

Question 23

Which behaviourist principle is used in token economies?

Answer 23

Operant conditioning

Question 24

Who are token economies usually used for?

Answer 24

Patients who have spent a long time in hospital?

Question 25

How are token economies used for patients who have spent a long time in hospital?

Answer 25

By rewarding them in the form of tokens when they perform a desirable behaviour

Question 26

What are two strengths of the biological approach to health?

Answer 26

• Highly scientific as use objective techniques such as brain scans
• Led to successful treatments such as NRT (nicotine patches)

Question 27

What is a weakness of the biological approach to health?

Answer 27

• Does not take into account social learning theory, so therefore reductionist

Question 28

Social Learning Theory suggest that people become addicted due to…

Answer 28

Modelling and indirect learning

Question 29

Social learning theory would suggest that people become addicted due to…

Answer 29

Modelling and indirect learning

Question 30

The process of modelling and indirect learning are concepts from which approach?

Answer 30

Social learning theory

Question 31

When will an individual have motivation to copy a behaviour according to SLT?

Answer 31

When they see others be rewarded for a behaviour

Question 32

Why will an individual imitate a behaviour?

Answer 32

To receive the same reward

Question 33

What will increase the likelihood of a behaviour being imitated after they see a model be rewarded?

Answer 33

If the model is similar to them

Question 34

If the model is similar to the individual, this will lead to…

Answer 34

Identification

Question 35

AO3: What has research shown about children who have parents who smoke?

Answer 35

They are more likely to smoke

Question 36

AO3: What practical applications are there from SLT?

Answer 36

Ensuring unhealthy behaviours are not shown on TV

Question 37

AO3: Why is SLT considered reductionst?

Answer 37

It does not take into account biological factors

Question 38

The cognitive approach argues that mental illness such as depression are caused by…

Answer 38

Negative and maladaptive thoughts/beliefs

Question 39

The aim of cognitive therapies for depression is to…

Answer 39

Change an individuals negative thoughts

Question 40

What is meant cognitive dissonance?

Answer 40

A feeling of mental discomfort due to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviours

Question 41

How can an individual reduce cognitive dissonance?

Answer 41

Change their behaviour to fit their attitudes, or change their attitudes to fit their behaviour

Question 42

AO3: What has research into the cognitive approach shown about gamblers?

Answer 42

That they have irrational beliefs

Question 43

AO3: What is a practical application of the cognitive approach?

Answer 43

Cognitive behavioural therapy

Question 44

AO3: Why might the cognitive approach be considered reductionist?

Answer 44

It does not take into account biological factors