U2: Non- experimental methods Flashcards

1
Q

What is an observation?

A

Watching the behaviour of participants

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2
Q

Name the types of observation

A

controlled
natural
participant
non-participant
covert
overt

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3
Q

What is a controlled observation?

A

Takes place in a structured environment where variables are controlled

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4
Q

Give an example of how a controlled observation may be set up

A

Using a two-way mirror to observe behavior in a controlled setup.

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5
Q

What is a strength of controlled observation?

A

Minimizes extraneous variables, allows for standardized procedures, and establishes cause-and-effect relationships.

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6
Q

what is a weakness of controlled observations

A

May lack ecological validity due to the artificial environment.

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7
Q

What is meant by a naturalistic observation?

A

Conducted in participants’ natural environment without intervention

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8
Q

Give an example of a natural observation

A

Observing shopping habits in a supermarket.

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9
Q

What is a strength of a natural observation?

A

High ecological validity

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10
Q

What is a weakness of natural observations

A

Difficult to control extraneous variables and replicate

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11
Q

What is meant by an overt observation

A

Participants are aware they are being observed.

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12
Q

What is a strength of overt

A

Ethical, as participants give consent.

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13
Q

What is a weakness of overt

A

Prone to demand characteristics.

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14
Q

What is a covert observation?

A

Participants are unaware they are being observed.

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15
Q

What is a strenght of covert

A

Reduces demand characteristics.

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16
Q

What is a weakness of covert

A

Raises ethical concerns about consent.W

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17
Q

what is a participant observation

A

The researcher actively participates in the group being studied.

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18
Q

What is a strength of participant observation

A

Provides deep insight and understanding of the group.

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19
Q

What is a weakness of participant observation

A

Researcher bias and ethical concerns.

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20
Q

What is a non-participant observation

A

The researcher observes from a distance without interacting.

21
Q

What is a strength of non-participant observation

A

Reduces researcher influence on behavior.

22
Q

What is a weakness of non-participant observation

A

May lack detailed insight.

23
Q

What is meant by a self report

A

Participants share information about themselves in research

24
Q

Name the self reports

A

quesitonnaires, interviews

25
What is a questionnaire
Participants answer a series of questions, which can be open-ended (qualitative data) or closed (quantitative data).
26
What is meant by qualitative data
written or spoken data
27
What is meant by quantitative dats
numerical data
28
What is a strength of the questionnaire
Efficient for large samples, less prone to investigator effects.
29
What is a weakness of a questionnaires
Limited clarification for participants, potential response bias.
30
what is an interview?
A conversation with participants about their behaviour
31
what types of interviews are there?
structured, semi-structured, unstructured
32
What is a structured interview
Pre-set questions are asked to all participants.W
33
What is a strength of a structured?
Easy to compare responses and identify patterns.
34
what is a weakness of a structured interview?
Inflexible; cannot explore new topics in depth.
35
What is a unstructured interview
Open-ended format allows exploration based on participants' responses.
36
what is a strength of an unstructured interview
Provides in-depth understanding
37
What is a weakness of an unstructured interview
Difficult to analyze and replicate.
38
What is a case study
In-depth investigation of a single individual, group, or event over time.
39
What is a strength of case studies
Gathers rich qualitative and quantitative data; useful for rare phenomena.
40
What is a weakness of case studies
Difficult to generalize; potential retrospective bias.
41
What is a correlation
Examines the relationship between two co-variables without manipulation.
42
What types of correlations are there
Positive, negative, zero
43
what is a positive correlation
Both variables increase together.
44
What is a negative correlation
One variable increases while the other decreases.
45
What is a zero correlation
No relationship between variables.
46
What is a strength of correlations
Useful for studying sensitive issues; provides direction for further research.
47
What is a weakness of correlations
Cannot establish cause-and-effect; prone to misinterpretation.
48
What is a correlation coefficient
A numerical measure of the strength and direction of a correlation. Ranges from -1 (strong negative) to +1 (strong positive), with 0 indicating no correlation.