U2: Non- experimental methods

Question 1

What is an observation?

Answer 1

Watching the behaviour of participants

Question 2

Name the types of observation

Answer 2

controlled
natural
participant
non-participant
covert
overt

Question 3

What is a controlled observation?

Answer 3

Takes place in a structured environment where variables are controlled

Question 4

Give an example of how a controlled observation may be set up

Answer 4

Using a two-way mirror to observe behavior in a controlled setup.

Question 5

What is a strength of controlled observation?

Answer 5

Minimizes extraneous variables, allows for standardized procedures, and establishes cause-and-effect relationships.

Question 6

what is a weakness of controlled observations

Answer 6

May lack ecological validity due to the artificial environment.

Question 7

What is meant by a naturalistic observation?

Answer 7

Conducted in participants’ natural environment without intervention

Question 8

Give an example of a natural observation

Answer 8

Observing shopping habits in a supermarket.

Question 9

What is a strength of a natural observation?

Answer 9

High ecological validity

Question 10

What is a weakness of natural observations

Answer 10

Difficult to control extraneous variables and replicate

Question 11

What is meant by an overt observation

Answer 11

Participants are aware they are being observed.

Question 12

What is a strength of overt

Answer 12

Ethical, as participants give consent.

Question 13

What is a weakness of overt

Answer 13

Prone to demand characteristics.

Question 14

What is a covert observation?

Answer 14

Participants are unaware they are being observed.

Question 15

What is a strenght of covert

Answer 15

Reduces demand characteristics.

Question 16

What is a weakness of covert

Answer 16

Raises ethical concerns about consent.W

Question 17

what is a participant observation

Answer 17

The researcher actively participates in the group being studied.

Question 18

What is a strength of participant observation

Answer 18

Provides deep insight and understanding of the group.

Question 19

What is a weakness of participant observation

Answer 19

Researcher bias and ethical concerns.

Question 20

What is a non-participant observation

Answer 20

The researcher observes from a distance without interacting.

Question 21

What is a strength of non-participant observation

Answer 21

Reduces researcher influence on behavior.

Question 22

What is a weakness of non-participant observation

Answer 22

May lack detailed insight.

Question 23

What is meant by a self report

Answer 23

Participants share information about themselves in research

Question 24

Name the self reports

Answer 24

quesitonnaires, interviews

Question 25

What is a questionnaire

Answer 25

Participants answer a series of questions, which can be open-ended (qualitative data) or closed (quantitative data).

Question 26

What is meant by qualitative data

Answer 26

written or spoken data

Question 27

What is meant by quantitative dats

Answer 27

numerical data

Question 28

What is a strength of the questionnaire

Answer 28

Efficient for large samples, less prone to investigator effects.

Question 29

What is a weakness of a questionnaires

Answer 29

Limited clarification for participants, potential response bias.

Question 30

what is an interview?

Answer 30

A conversation with participants about their behaviour

Question 31

what types of interviews are there?

Answer 31

structured, semi-structured, unstructured

Question 32

What is a structured interview

Answer 32

Pre-set questions are asked to all participants.W

Question 33

What is a strength of a structured?

Answer 33

Easy to compare responses and identify patterns.

Question 34

what is a weakness of a structured interview?

Answer 34

Inflexible; cannot explore new topics in depth.

Question 35

What is a unstructured interview

Answer 35

Open-ended format allows exploration based on participants’ responses.

Question 36

what is a strength of an unstructured interview

Answer 36

Provides in-depth understanding

Question 37

What is a weakness of an unstructured interview

Answer 37

Difficult to analyze and replicate.

Question 38

What is a case study

Answer 38

In-depth investigation of a single individual, group, or event over time.

Question 39

What is a strength of case studies

Answer 39

Gathers rich qualitative and quantitative data; useful for rare phenomena.

Question 40

What is a weakness of case studies

Answer 40

Difficult to generalize; potential retrospective bias.

Question 41

What is a correlation

Answer 41

Examines the relationship between two co-variables without manipulation.

Question 42

What types of correlations are there

Answer 42

Positive, negative, zero

Question 43

what is a positive correlation

Answer 43

Both variables increase together.

Question 44

What is a negative correlation

Answer 44

One variable increases while the other decreases.

Question 45

What is a zero correlation

Answer 45

No relationship between variables.

Question 46

What is a strength of correlations

Answer 46

Useful for studying sensitive issues; provides direction for further research.

Question 47

What is a weakness of correlations

Answer 47

Cannot establish cause-and-effect; prone to misinterpretation.

Question 48

What is a correlation coefficient

Answer 48

A numerical measure of the strength and direction of a correlation.
Ranges from -1 (strong negative) to +1 (strong positive), with 0 indicating no correlation.